Grade 11 Chemistry - Alcohols, Ethers, and Derivatives Practice Flashcards

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering the definitions, classifications, preparations, and reactions of alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and lipids based on Grade 11 Chemistry Unit 6.

Alcohol

Derivatives of hydrocarbons in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon have been replaced by a hydroxyl group $(–OH)$.

Hydroxyl group

The functional group $(–OH)$ in an alcohol responsible for imparting certain chemical and/or physical properties to the compound.

Ethanol

The only alcohol present in all alcoholic beverages, formed by replacing one hydrogen in ethane with a hydroxyl group.

Monohydric alcohols

Alcohols containing only one hydroxyl group in their molecular structure.

Dihydric alcohols

Alcohols containing two hydroxyl groups per molecule, also known as glycols or diols.

Trihydric alcohols

Alcohols containing three hydroxyl groups in their molecular structure, such as $Propane-1,2,3-triol$ (glycerine).

Polyhydric alcohols

Alcohols containing three or more hydroxyl groups in their molecular structure.

Primary ($1^{\circ}$) alcohol

An alcohol in which the carbon with the hydroxyl group is attached to only one alkyl group.

Secondary ($2^{\circ}$) alcohol

An alcohol in which the carbon with the hydroxyl group is attached to two alkyl groups.

Tertiary ($3^{\circ}$) alcohol

An alcohol in which the carbon with the hydroxyl group is attached to three other alkyl groups.

Fermentation

The slow decomposition of carbohydrates such as sucrose, starch, and cellulose in the presence of a suitable enzyme to produce ethanol and $CO_2$.

Alkoxides

Metal compounds formed when alcohols react with active metals like $Li$, $Na$, $K$, or $Mg$, accompanied by the liberation of hydrogen gas.

Oxidation of primary alcohols

A process that yields aldehydes in the presence of mild oxidizing agents, or carboxylic acids when using strong oxidizing agents like acidified $KMnO_4$.

Ether

Compounds in which an oxygen atom is bonded to two alkyl substituents ($R-O-R'$).

Williamson ether synthesis

A laboratory method where an alkyl halide reacts with an alkoxide to form an ether.

Carbonyl group

A functional group $(C=O)$ where a carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom, found in aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids.

Aldehyde

An organic compound where the carbonyl group is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom.

Ketone

An organic compound where the carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms.

Carboxyl group

A functional group $(–COOH)$ consisting of a carbonyl group $(C=O)$ with a hydroxyl group $(O-H)$ attached to the same carbon atom.

Benzoic acid

The simplest aromatic carboxylic acid, consisting of a carboxyl group attached to a benzene ring.

Esterification

The reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid to form esters and water.

Fatty acids

Carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon chains, which can be saturated or unsaturated.

Esters

Derivatives of carboxylic acids in which the hydroxyl group $(–OH)$ is replaced by an alkoxy group $(–OR)$, often responsible for fruit fragrances.

Saponification

The base-catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester, which is not reversible and is used to produce soap.

Triglycerides

Triesters of glycerol and fatty acids, collectively making up fats and oils.

Hardening of oils

The process of converting liquid oils to hard fats by the addition of hydrogen (hydrogenation) at high pressure with a catalyst.

Rancidity

The deterioration of fats and oils leading to unpleasant odors, caused by the hydrolysis of ester linkages and oxidation across double bonds.