Fluency Exam 1 Questions

You are seeing a new client who wanted more information about what causes stuttering? What is a good response?

We don’t know, as there is no research available that addresses the cause(s) of stuttering.

You know stuttering has a high concomitance rate with some other speech and language disorders. Of those listed below, which disorder are we most concerned with for children who stutter?

Speech sound disorders

Why are there so many different theories of stuttering?

Stuttering involves the disruption of many systems.; Several theories only consider what might be happening within a single system. (A and B)

Five-year-old Jacob has been added to your caseload with a primary concern of stuttering. What five factors would we consider to help determine if stuttering will persist?

Genetics, environment, temperament, motor abilities, and linguistic abilities

Core features of stutter-like disfluencies include:

Sound repetitions, prolongations, and blocks.

Stuttering is most likely to occur ____.

At the beginning of a word

There is evidence that stuttering is a neurological disorder. We know that the brain structure and function of people who stutter _____.

Show differences in structure and function as compared to typically fluent people

Seven-year-old Jamison thinks he will never be a teacher because he stutters. Considering the ABCs of the ICF model, this reflects his ___________ reactions to stuttering.

Cognitive

T/F: The majority of the cases of developmental stuttering present with a gradual onset.

False

When considering the ICF model, ______ is the extent to which a person who stutters is involved in life situations.

Participation restriction

At the onset of stuttering, the ratio of males to females who stutter is _____.

1 to 1

Which of the following could be considered as environmental factors that affect stuttering within the construct of the ICF model?

Family, Friends, Colleagues (All of the above)

Examples of core behaviors of stuttering include _____.

blocks & repetitions

When considering Personal Factors associated with the International Classification of Functioning and Disability we explore the following reactions to stuttering:

Affective, behavioral, and cognitive reactions

The prevalence of adults who stutter is _______.

1%

T/F: Females spontaneously recover from stuttering more than males. 

True

The theory that stuttering is a neurotic disorder related to unresolved feeling about a parent was proposed by:

Freud

T/F: The Consistency Effect is when a person reads a passage aloud 10 times and reads relatively fluently by the end. 

False

T/F: The perception of time pressure decreases the likelihood of stuttering. 

False

Stuttering in preschool children is more likely to occur on:

Functor words

T/F: Genetic factors and the presence of stutter-like disfluencies are some predictive factors of stuttering.

True

T/F: The Temperament model proposes that children who stutter show more negative reactivity and low regulation.

True

T/F: Instability of the speech motor system while speaking is a situational factor that increases the likelihood of stuttering.

False

T/F: Stuttering is likely to happen in longer, more syntactically complex utterances.

True

T/F: There is a higher prevalence of stuttering teens than elementary school aged children.

False

T/F: Of the group of young children that demonstrate disfluencies, approximately 20-25% of them will develop persistent stuttering.

True

The term used to describe a rapid onset of stuttering is ___.

Sudden Onset

Speech sound disorders are frequently associated with childhood stuttering. When they occur along with stuttering we call it a ___.

Concomitant Disorder

Physical behaviors that accompany the core (overt) stuttering event are called ___.

Physical Concomitants

External influences on stuttering and functioning are called ___.

Environmental Factors

_______ is defined as the smooth, forward flow of speech that is characterized by appropriate rhythm, rate, and stress or effort.

Fluency

_______ reflect interruptions that are the result of stuttering.

Stutter-like disfluencies

Stuttering occurs due to a mismatch between external stresses on the child and the child's inherent capabilities.

Demands/Capacities Model

A person who stutters experiences fear and anxiety that they might stutter. Experiencing this worry over a future disfluency results in an increase in tension and secondary characteristics.

Anticipatory Struggle

Stuttering is the result of mistimed retrieval of syllable segments, usually secondary to time pressure.

Fault Line Hypothesis

Parents cause stuttering by reacting negatively to disfluencies in the child's speech.

Diagnosogenic Theory

Stuttering occurs due to lack of clear lateralization between the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

Cerebral Dominance Theory

A person has a desire to talk but also wants to avoid feeling the negative emotions associated with stuttering. This sometimes results in a person choosing not to speak to spare them the pain

Approach-Avoidance Theory

Reinforcement of a behavior through the provision of contingencies (positive or negative).

Operant Conditioning

Stuttering is a dynamic, multifaceted disorder involving multiple systems

Multifactorial Model