bio

phospholipid

an amphipathic lipid made of glycerol, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate-linked head group

phospholipid bylayer

biological membranes in which two layers of phospholipids with their tails facing inward

cholesterol

lipid composed of four fused carbon rings, is found alongside phospholipids in the core of the membrane

proteins

ribosomes synthesize

endomembrane system

group of membranes and cells that modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins

carbs, lipids

smooth ER synthesizes

mitochondira

where ATP is synthesized

phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol

what a cell membrane/lipid bilayer is made of

channel, carrier

examples of integral proteins

lipid bound proteins

proteins found between the walls of the lipid bilayer

allow ions to pass in and out of the cell, does not require energy, and it’s products move with the concentration gradient

channel proteins

pump larger items in and out of the cell, against the concentration gradient and sometimes needing ATP (energy)

carrier protein

glycoproteins

a sugar + a protein whose main job is signaling. allowing a cell to recognize another cell

peripheral protein

water-soluble proteins that temporarily adhere to the surface of biological membranes, serving crucial roles in cell signaling, transport, and structural support

relationship between integral and peripheral proteins

peripheral proteins interact with integral proteins via hydrogen bonds, weak hydrophobic interactions, or weak electrostatic interactions

number of these defines the element

protons

number of protons in the element

atomic number

number of electrons that fill an outer shell

eight

four elements that are common to all living organisms

nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen

Oxygen has high or low electronegativity

High

electronegative means

electron greedy

water is a _____ molecule

polar

form between hydrogen with a partial positive charge and a more electronegative atom (such as oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine)

hydrogen bonds

hydrophyllic

water loving

hydrophobic

water fearing

water has ______ surface tension

high

a molecule where one side is negative and the other side positive, readily dissolve in water

polar molecule

non polar molecules _______ form hydrogen bonds

do NOT

electrons that do the reacting

valence electrons

Oxygen makes up ___% of the body

65

Carbon makes up _____% of the body

18

carbon to carbon bonds are

strong

a carbon atom can covalently bond to ____ other atoms

4

patterns of atoms that display a consistent function regardless of what molecule they are found in

functional groups

O and H covalently bonded, attached to a carbon chain

hydroxyl group

hydroxyl groups are ____ molecules

polar

Sulfur and hydrogen covalently bonded attached to a carbon chain

sulfhydryl group

carbon and oxygen double bonded

carbonyl group

carbonyl group bound to a hydroxyl group

carboxyl group

the carboxyl group is (pH)

acidic

involving a nitrogen covalently bonded to something else

amino group

the amino group is (pH)

basic

hydrocarbon group

hydrophobic

one phosphorus covalently bonded with three oxygens and double bonded with a fourth

phosphate group

a functional group that is part of ATP, the backbone of DNA and RNA, acidic, and hydrophyllic

phosphate group

positive ions formed by losing electrons

cation

negative ions are formed by electron gain

anions

formed between ions with opposite charges

ionic bonds

share electrons between atoms (aka both atoms pretend to have all eight even though there is only eight between them)

covalent bonds

form between two atoms of the same element or similarly electronegative atoms

nonpolar covalent bonds

weak intermolecular interactions that do not involve covalent bonds or ions

van der waals forces

long chains made up of repeating molecular subunits

polymers

a molecular subunit

monomer

protiens, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and lipids are all long polymers referred to as

macromolecules

one monomer forms a covalent bond to another monomer and releases a water molecule in the process

dehydration synthesis

a reaction where polymers are broken down into monomers by the addition of a water molecule

hydrolysis

hydrolysis _____ energy

releases

dehydration synthesis _____ energy

requires

long chains of linked glucose molecules that are a storage form of fuels

starch

biological molecules made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

carbohydrates

simple sugars, like Glucose for example, containing 3-7 carbon atoms

Monosaccharides

Monosaccharide where carbonyl C is the last one on the chain of sugars

aldehyde group

if a sugar molecule has an aldehyde group, it is referred to as a ______

aldose

if a sugar molecule has a ketone group, it is referred to as _____

ketose

Monosaccharide with two Carbons flanking an internal carbonyl C

ketone group

most oxygen atoms in monosaccharides are found in hydroxyl (OH) groups, but these exceptions are found in the Carbonyl group

aldose, ketose

name of a monosaccharide with 3 Carbons

trioses (same for pentoses etc)

glucose has _____ carbons

six

galactose, glucose, and fructose are all examples of

monosaccharides

molecules with the same chemical formula that differ in structure, thus performing different functions

isomer

the difference between the alpha and beta form of glucose is dependent on

the position of the OH group (down alpha, up beta)

form when two monosaccharides join together via condensation (aka dehydration synthesis)

Disaccharides

the hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide combines with the hydrogen of another, releasing a molecule of water (condensation) and forming a covalent bond. This is known as a

glycosidic linkage

sucrose, lactose, and maltose are all examples of

disaccharides

A long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

Polysaccharides

starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all examples of

Polysaccharides

storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrae

Glycogen

Glycogen is stored in ______ and ________ cells

liver; muscle

glucose in it’s beta form (aka cellulose) is mostly found in

plants/the plant cell wall

A large, organic molecule such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Biological macromolecule

Provide cells with quick/short-term energy, source of dietary fiber

function of a carbohydrate

Provide cells with long-term energy, make up biological membranes

function of a lipid

Provide cell structure, send chemical signals, speed up chemical reactions, etc

function of proteins

Store and pass on genetic information

function of nucleic acids

genetic information is stored in the _____ of the DNA

rungs

number of base pairs human beings have

3 Billion

adenine+

thymine

cytosine+

guanine

replaces thymine in RNA

Uracil

phosphate backbone attached to ribose and a base pair

nucleotide

nitrogenous bases

purines and pyrimadines

purines

adenine, guanine

pyrimadines

thymine, cytosine, and uracil

nitrogenous bases are connected by

hydrogen bonds

___________ bonds occur between two partially negative molecules

hydrogen

deoxyribose

DNA backbone

ribose

RNA backbone

this replicates 5’ to 3’

mRNA

this replicates 3’ to 5’

DNA

in a growing polypeptide chain, amino acids are connected by covalent bonds at the _______ terminus

carboxyl