ap human geography vocab unit 6 quiz 2

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Annexation

legally adding land area to a city in the U.S.

Central Business District (CBD)

the heart of a city where retail and office activities are clustered

Census Tracts

An area delineated by the U.S. government for which statistics are published; in urban areas, they correspond roughly to neighborhoods.

Central City

a city that is surrounded by suburbs

Concentric Zone Model (Burgess Model)

Urban land model that divides cities in a series of rings expanding from downtown to the suburbs, based on the amount that people will pay for the land

Consolidations vs. Federations

government policies that try to reduce urban sprawl, in contrast to a system of government in which power is distributed among certain territories

Council of Government

a cooperative agency consisting of representatives of local governments in a metropolitan area in the U.S.

Density Gradient

the change in density in an urban area from the center of the periphery

Edge Cities

communities located on the outskirts of a large city with commercial centers, offices, and retail stores

Filtering

a process of change in the use of a home, from single-family owner company to abandonment

Galactic City Model

Urban land model that represents a city with growth independent of the CBD that is traditionally connected to the central city; based on Detroit, Michigan

Gentrification

process where wealthy, educated individuals begin to move into poor or working-class communities

Greenbelts

a ring of land around a town or city to limit urban sprawl (parks, agricultural areas, etc.)

Metropolitan Statistical Area

a city of at least 50,000 people with adjacent counties that are high in population density

Micropolitan Statistical Area

a city of 10,000-50,000 people with surrounding counties high in a degree of integration

Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris/Ullman Model)

Urban land model in which the city does not have a central area but instead has several nodes that act as regional centers for economic or residential activity

Peripheral Model of Cities

A model of urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential/business areas, tied together by a beltway or ring road

Public Housing

housing owned by the government and provisioned at low cost to impoverished familes

Public Transit

public forms of transportation that charge set fares, run on fixed routes (buses, trains, subways)

Redlining

the discriminatory and illegal practice of refusing someone credit, loans, insurance, or adding unfair terms in contracts based on one’s race/ethnicity

Sector Model (Hoyt Model)

Urban land model that is a modification of the concentric zone model, based on growth of sectors from the CBD

Smart Growth

a range of development strategies to protect health and natural environment, and combat urban sprawl to create more sustainable cities

Social Area Analysis

a statistical prodecure to identify the most important underlying variables from a large socio-economic database

Squatter Settlements

households that cannot provide durable housing, sufficient living space, safe water access, or adequate sanitation

Suburban Segregation

segregation of social classes or land use; some classes exclude others by price, size, and location, and land separates those in commercial and manufacturing areas

Urbanized Area

a central city plus its contiguous built-up suburbs where population density is more than 1,000 people per square mile

Urban Sprawl

the expansion of cities and urban areas into surrounding rural areas

Zoning Ordinance

a law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community

Blockbusting

Rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging people of color to move to previously white neighborhoods. In the resulting migration, real estate agents profit through the turnover of property.

Boomburbs

a large rapidly growing city that remains suburban in character even as it reaches populations more typical of urban core cities

Disamenity Zones/Sectors

the poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords

De facto segregation

racial segregation that happens by fact rather than by legal requirement (not imposed by law)

Decentralization

the tendency of people or business/industry to locate outside the central city

Exburb (exburbanization)

small communities lying beyond the suburbs of a city

Exurbanite

person who left the inner city and moved to an outlying suburban/rural area

Favelas (burrios)

very poor and crowded areas of cities in Brazil; slums

Ghettoization

a process occurring in many inner cities in which they become centers of poverty as affluent whites move out to the suburbs as immigrants/people of color compete for scarce jobs and resources

Inner City Decay

parts of large urban areas that lose significant portions of their population as a result of change in industry or migration to suburbs; inner city loses its tax base and becomes a center of poverty

Leap-frog development

development that occurs beyond the limits of the current urbanized area, usually to take advantage of less expensive land

Megacities

cities with over 10 million people; mostly in the developing world with growing population since WWII, with chaotic and unplanned growth, terrible pollution, and poverty

Megalopolis

metropolitan areas that were originally separate but now overlap to form a large, sprawling urban complex (i.e. Bosnywash)

Metacities

cities with over 20 million people

New Urbanism

counter to urban sprawl; development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods to promote a sense of community and place

Node

geographical center of activity; large cities may have many of these

Segregation

process that results from suburbanization when affluent individuals cannot afford to relocate to suburban neighborhoods and must remain in certain pockets of the central city

Slow-growth cities

urban communities where planners have put smart-growth initiatives into place to decrease the rate of the city’s horizontal growth to avoid the adverse effects of sprawl

Suburban Sprawl

development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not adjacent to existing areas

Transportation-oriented development

a mixed-use residential and commercial area designed to maximize access to public transport

Urban growth boundary

geographical boundary placed around a city to limit suburban growth within that city

Walkability

a measure of how friendly an area is to walk around in; factors influencing this include footpaths, sidewalks, road conditions, land use patterns, building accessibility, and safety

World Cities

centers of economic, cultural, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control global systems of finance and commerce

Zones of abandonment

areas that have been deserted in a city for economic or environmental reasons

Zoning practices

legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of buildings and economic activites can take place in certain areas; areas are most commonly divided into separate zones of residential, retail, or industrial use in the U.S.