Cellular transportation

simple diffusion definition

diffusion across a phospholipid bilayer

diffusion

tendency of molecule to disperse until they are venly distributed in the available space.

concentration gradient

the difference in concentration on two sides of a membrane/ meaning if the concentration difference is high, the solution would diffuse quick

osmosis

passive net movement of free water molecules through a partially permeable(selective) membrane, form a place of low solute concentration to a place of high solute concentration.

semipermeable membrane

membrane that act as a filter which only allows water to cross.

solute

molecule dissolved in a solvent/ liquid

osmolarity

total concentration of solutes in a solution

isotonic solution

solution that have the same pressure as the cytoplasm

hypertonic solution

solution that have a high osmolarity than the cytoplasm.

hypotonic solution

solution that have a lower osmolarity than the cytoplasm

facilitated diffusion

the passive movement of molecules across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins

channel protein/protein channel

filtering the molecules that to through the cell membrane

passive movement

movement that does not require any energy

polar

non-polar

molecule that

channel protein in the plasma membrane

allow the passive movement of ions and small polar movements

diffusion of small and non-polar molecules move down a concentration gradient across a membrane

simple diffusion

condition of molecule passing through the cell membrane through simple diffusion

small and non-polar

for a large, polar, charged particles to cross a membrane

transmembrane protein

for larger molecules to diffuse via cell membrane

carrier protein

water is able to cross the membrane straight away without osmosis T/F

T

for small polar molecules and ion to diffuse

channel protein

the difference between the molecules that diffuse through channel protein and carrier protein

molecules diffuse via channel protein are small and polar while the molecule diffusing through carrier protein are large

movement of molecules across a membrane down their concentration gradient

passive transport tr

identify letter J

simple diffusion

identify letter K

facilitated diffusion

identify letter L

osmosis

hydrophobic /non-polar

water-scared / resisting water

hydrophilic /polar

like water/ having the tendency to mix with water

Water moves from areas of low solute concentration to high solute concentration

osmosis

Water moves from hypotonic regions to hypertonic regions.

osmosis

cytoskeleton function

The cytoskeleton gives shape and support to the cell and transports molecules around the cell.

carbohydrate

Its function may be involved in receiving or sending signals and cell to cell adhesion.

identify molecule K

carbohydrate

identify molecule L

cytoskeleton

ATP/function

adenosine triphosphate/ the phosphate group composed ATP could easily be broken of from the other phosphate groups in order to release the energy that can be used to drive other active processes.

ADP

adenosine diphosphate

Pi

inorganic phosphate

how is ATP produced

ATP is produced in the mitochondria by cellular respiration

cycle of ATP

produced in the mitochondria; diffuse to places in the cell where active processes are taking place; broken into ADP and Pi then diffuse back to the mitochondria.

how does ATP knows where to diffuse to

ATP automatically diffuse to the place where there is a lower concentration

active transport

active movement of molecule against their concentration gradient, across a membrane via specific transmembrane integral membrane

identify the process

Exocytosis

Exocytosis

process of bilk transport/ large molecules(protein) are secreted from a cell by the fusion of a vesicle of the plasma membrane

bulk transport

active movement of a large molecule into or out of a cell, bu enclosing it in a membrane sac

identify the process

exocytosis

endocytosis

reverse of exocytosis/ where the membrane furrows to surround a particle and engulfs it within a vacuole/ taking molecules into a cell

Phagocytosis

endocytosis of solid material, such as bacteria

pinocytosis

endocytosis of fluid material, such as lipids

how could a molecule to be moved when its to big to move through a carrier protein

by bulk transport

is phagocytosis and pinocytosis related to endocytosis or exocytosis

endocytosis

pump protein are also known as

transmembrane protein

conformation

the shape or structure of sth.

hypertonic

A solution is hypertonic if it has a higher concentration of dissolved substances (solutes) than the solution it's being compared to

high water concentration = ? solute

low solute concentration

why does low solute generally means high water concentration

if there is less solute, then there is more space taken up by water. So the proportion of water is higher, making the environment high water concentration compare to the other environment

substance(s) that can be transported by exocytosis.

I proteins

II large molecules

III secretory products

IV groups of molecules

NOT small, nonpolar molecules/ in this case, why can't the small and nonpolar molecules be transported by exocytosis

because nonpolar molecules as lipid -soluble molecules cuold cross the lipid membrane directly, especially when its small.

whearea exocytosis specifically means transportation of large molecules that is too big to be transported by the carrier membrane

why is nonpolar molecules lipid soluble/ and therefore able to pass through lipid membrane directly

Nonpolar molecules are also mostly hydrocarbon / no charge

Lipids (cell membranes) are made of long nonpolar hydrocarbon tail

resting membrane potential

where the inside of a neuron is negatively charged during resting state

what does it means moving down the concentration gradient

moving down the concentration=

• High concentration → lots of particles crowded together

• To Low concentration → fewer particles

So moving down the gradient means:

from crowded → less crowded

The resting membrane potential is mainly maintained by active transport, where the sodium–potassium pump uses ATP to move Na⁺ out and K⁺ into the neuron, creating ion gradients.

the resting potential is maintained by

the action potential is maintained by active transport because the sodium–potassium pump uses ATP to move ions against their concentration gradients.

which of the transport are undertaking active transport

N/ as ATP(brakes into)→ ADP+Pi (to release energy required for the transportation

process after endocytosis

After endocytosis, the molecule is enclosed inside a vesicle called an endosome. This vesicle can then fuse with a lysosome, an organelle containing digestive enzymes. These enzymes break down large molecules into smaller components.

when the molecules breakes down, they produce:

• amino acids

• fatty acids

• simple sugars

• nucleotides

These can be:
✔ reused to build new molecules
✔ recycled for cell repair and growth

what is the function of ion in relation to cellular transportation

Ions are crucial in cellular transport because they help cells move substances, generate signals, and maintain balance inside and outside the cell.

definition of ion

molecule/atom that has a electrical charge

Charged ions cannot freely cross cell membranes, why

because the membrane’s hydrophobic interior repels charged, water-coated particles(ion), so they need channels or pumps to get through.

ion channel

• Passive transport

• Ions move down their concentration gradient (high → low)

• No energy (ATP) required

• Like an open tunnel or gate

ion pump

• Active transport

• Move ions against their concentration gradient (low → high)

• Requires energy (ATP)

• Like a machine that pushes ions across

difference between ion channel and pump

ion channel is a opened gate which requires no energy(passive transport), whereas the ion pump is the ticket machine that requires energy (active transport) in order to push the molecule to pass

pneumonia

lung inflammation/肺炎

lipophobic /Lipophobicity/lipophobia

Lipophobicity, also sometimes called lipophobia, is a chemical property of chemical compounds which means "fat rejection", literally "fear of fat".

Lipophobic compounds are those not soluble in lipids or other non-polar solvents. 

hydrophilic

• “Hydro” = water

• “philic” = loving
  👉 So hydrophilic substances mix well with water and are usually polar or charged.

hydrophobic

• “Hydro” = water

• “phobic” = afraid of
  👉 So hydrophobic substances repel water and are usually non-polar or neutral.

phospholipid bilayer structure

The lipid is considered of:

• Hydrophilic (polar) heads → face the water

  • on the outside of the cell

  • and on the inside (cytoplasm side)

• Hydrophobic (nonpolar) tails → inside /in between the membrane

Liposome /definition /role

Liposomes are tiny spherical vesicles made of a phospholipid bilayer (basically a mini artificial cell membrane).

Role to send drug into the cell while preventing it from getting breakdown by the enzymes.