Ap world time period 1

What are the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism?

Life is suffering; suffering caused by desire; eliminate desire; follow Eightfold Path

Difference between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism?

Theravada = simple/meditation; Mahayana = rituals + broader salvation

Who was Siddhartha Gautama?

Founder of Buddhism who became the Buddha after enlightenment

Core belief of Christianity?

Belief in Jesus as Son of God and salvation through him

Why did Christianity spread?

Appealed to lower classes and women; promise of eternal life and compassion

What is Confucianism?

Chinese philosophy focused on order

What is filial piety?

Respect and duty toward parents and ancestors in Confucianism

Core belief of Hinduism?

Cycle of reincarnation and goal of moksha (unity with Brahman)

What determines your caste in Hinduism?

Karma from past lives

What are the Five Pillars of Islam?

Faith

What caused the Sunni-Shia split?

Disagreement over Muhammad’s successor

What is Dar al-Islam?

Region where Islam is practiced and Sharia law applies

What is feudalism?

System where lords grant land to vassals in exchange for loyalty/service

What is manorialism?

Economic system where serfs worked land for lords

Who were serfs?

Unfree peasants tied to the land

What was the Magna Carta?

Limited king’s power and gave rights to nobles in England

What was the Hundred Years’ War?

Conflict between England and France that strengthened French monarchy

Who was Joan of Arc?

French heroine who helped turn the tide in Hundred Years’ War

What was the Byzantine Empire?

Eastern Roman Empire centered in Constantinople

What is caesaropapism?

Emperor controls both church and state

What caused the fall of Constantinople?

Ottoman conquest using gunpowder in 1453

What were the Crusades?

Religious wars to reclaim Holy Land from Muslims

Effect of Crusades?

Increased trade

What was the Abbasid Caliphate?

Islamic empire known for cultural and scientific achievements

What is the House of Wisdom?

Center of learning in Baghdad during Islamic Golden Age

Who was Mansa Musa?

Wealthy Mali ruler whose hajj spread Islam and gold wealth

What was the importance of Timbuktu?

Center of trade and Islamic scholarship in Mali

What were Swahili city-states?

Trade cities on East African coast blending African and Islamic culture

What was the Song Dynasty known for?

Technological innovations and economic growth

What is the Mandate of Heaven?

Belief that Chinese rulers are chosen by heaven

Who was Genghis Khan?

Founder of the Mongol Empire

What was Pax Mongolica?

Period of stability that increased trade across Eurasia

Who was Kublai Khan?

Mongol ruler who founded the Yuan Dynasty in China

What was the Yuan Dynasty?

Mongol rule over China

What was the Ming Dynasty?

Chinese dynasty that restored native rule after Mongols

Who was Zheng He?

Chinese explorer who led voyages in Indian Ocean

What is the shogunate?

Military government in Japan led by a shogun

What was Bushido?

Code of honor followed by samurai

What was the Delhi Sultanate?

Muslim rule in northern India

What was the Bhakti movement?

Hindu movement emphasizing devotion over caste

What was the Silk Road?

Trade network connecting Europe and Asia

What goods were traded on the Silk Road?

Silk

What was the Indian Ocean trade network?

Sea trade linking Africa

What technology improved sea travel?

Lateen sails

What was trans-Saharan trade?

Trade across Sahara using camels

What is a caravanserai?

Rest stop for traders along trade routes

What is a diaspora?

Movement and settlement of people away from homeland

What was the Black Death?

Bubonic plague that killed about 1/3 of Eurasia

Effect of Black Death?

Population decline

What is the caste system?

Rigid social hierarchy in India

What are guilds?

Organizations that controlled trade and labor standards

What is serfdom?

Labor system where peasants are bound to land

What was the devshirme system?

Ottoman system recruiting boys for government/military

What is the mit’a system?

Inca labor system requiring public service

What is patriarchy?

System where men hold primary power

What was the Renaissance?

Revival of classical learning and culture in Europe

Key ideas of Renaissance?

Humanism

Who was Johannes Gutenberg?

Inventor of printing press in Europe

Why was printing press important?

Spread knowledge quickly and increased literacy

What was scholasticism?

Medieval attempt to reconcile faith and reason

What was the Islamic Golden Age?

Period of major advances in science

Who was Ibn Battuta?

Muslim traveler who documented Islamic world

Who was Marco Polo?

European traveler who described Asia

What was the Mongol impact on trade?

Made Silk Road safer and increased exchange

What caused population growth in this period?

Improved agriculture and new crops

What was the Little Ice Age?

Cooling period that hurt agriculture and caused unrest