Child Psychology- Exam 4

Gender or Sex: Socially based and determined by socialization and roles the individual adopts

Gender

Gender or Sex: Biologically based and determined by genetics and indicated by genitals

Biologically based

Who’s more active, boys or girls?

Boys

Who’s more aggressive, boys or girls?

Boys

What did researchers observe about girls with ambiguous genitalia and are congenital adrenal hyperplasic?

They are more likely to be tomboys and show rougher play

What test was done to see if fetal testosterone affects male-typical play?

Amniotic fluid of over 200 women collected to see if the amount of fetal testosterone affects future play styles

Who gets better grades, boys or girls?

girls

Who scores better on achievement test scores, boys or girls?

they are equal

Who puts in more effort in schools, boys or girls?

girls

Why are there sex differences in school?

biological differences in activity level

Do mothers tend to offer more support to daughters or sons in school?

Daughters

Who’s perceived to be more competent in English, boys or girls?

girls

Who’s perceived to be more competent in History, boys or girls?

girls

Who’s perceived to be more competent in science, boys or girls?

boys

Who’s perceived to be more competent in Math, boys or girls?

boys

Do parents have the same perceptions that girls are better at English and boys are better at math?

Yes

Which sex is more emotionally expressive?

Women

Are men and women relatively equal on empathy/prosocial behavior?

Yes

Who’s more anxious, boys or girls?

girls

Who’s more depressed, boys or girls?

depends on age, girls more than boys during adolescence

Excessive discussion of problems within a dyadic relationship

Co-ruminate

A group of only two people (girls usually do this)

dyad

What type of discussion leads to emotional distress in girls?

Co-rumination

How theory claims that sex differences and gender stereotypes occur because children learn how to act like a boy or girl?

Social Learning Theory

What is some evidence for social learning theory?

• Kids raised in less conventional families tend to be less strongly sex-typed

• Systemic differences in how parent’s treat boys and girls

Modeling of stereotyped behavior

Observational learning

Reinforcement of stereotyped behaviors

Direct teaching

What is the role of parents in gender development?

describe boys and girls differently, praise boys and girls differently, and often stereotypes roles

What is the role of teachers in gender stereotyping?

• more likely to call boys than girls

• interrupt girls more than boys

• praise girls for obedience

• praise boys for knowledge

What study looked at the effect of media on gender stereotypes?

looked at small Canadian town, stereotypes raised when TV was introduced

When do children show gendered toy preferences?

12-18 months

What theory assumes that kids automatically know what gender they are when they are born?

Social Learning Theory

What theory claims that children actively construct knowledge of gender in the same way they construct other knowledge about the world?

Kohlberg’s Cognitive Development Theory

What stage of Kohlberg’s Cog. Dev. Theory is associated with not knowing that gender is permanent and the initial learning of which member of gender the child is?

Gender Labeling Stage

What stage of Kohlberg’s Cog. Dev. Theory is associated with understanding that gender is stable over time but does not have clearly understand that gender independent from superficial appearances

Gender Stability Stage

What stage of Kohlberg’s Cog. Dev. Theory is associated with complete understanding that gender is constant?

Gender constancy stage

How do young children identify with masculinity and feminity?

They do not have a clear distinction between them

How do middle childhood children identify with masculinity and femininity?

boys relate to being masculine more, girls decline in femininity

How do adolescent children identify with masculinity and femininity?

they associate with one or the other

When did Piaget believe that moral development is complete in children?

10 years

What age was Piaget’s “Premoral” stage?

Before 5 years

Did Piaget believe that his moral stages were universal?

Yes

Did Kohlberg believe Piaget’s moral stages? Why?

No, he believed that moral development takes longer than 10 years

Did Kohlberg believe moral development was universal?

Yes

What stage in Kohlberg’s moral development is associated with what is right and wrong is based on gaining rewards and avoiding punishments?

Preconventional Morality- Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation

What stage in Kohlberg’s moral development is associated with satisfying own needs?

Preconventional Morality- Stage 2: Instrumental Purpose Orientation

What stage in Kohlberg’s moral development is associated with winning over the approval of others by being a good person?

Conventional Morality- Stage 3: Good Boy or Girl Orientation

What stage in Kohlberg’s moral development is associated with maintaining social order?

Conventional Morality: Stage 4: Social Order Maintaining Orientation

What stage in Kohlberg’s moral development is associated with believing laws are flexible instruments for human purposes and to follow them when consistent with human rights?

Postconventional Morality: Stage 5: Social-Contract or Individual Right Orientation

What stage in Kohlberg’s moral development is associated with believing that laws are irrelevant and uphold self-chosen abstract principles of right/wrong?

Postconventional Morality- Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation

In Kohnberg’s Morality development, the changes between stages are _____

Qualitative

Kohlberg infers that not everyone makes it to stage ____ in the moral development?

6

What are some problems with Kohlberg’s methods?

• dilemmas are artificial

• samples are biased

• poor research design (used cross-sectional)

What are some problems with Kohlberg’s Theory?

• does morality really have stages?

• is morally universal?

• Why do some children have a stronger conscience or sense of what is moral than other children?

• Does morality really develop so late?

Does morality really develop in stages?

No

Is the concept or morality actually universal?

No, non-western children fall in lower levels of Kohlberg’s model because he focused on western society

Matters of right/wrong

morals

Customs or regulations that ensure social coordination and social organization

Social Conventions

Individual preferences in clothing, food, etc

Personal choice

What lying task looked at how children have cultural differences in moral development?

Cleaning room, see how child responds.