Immunity

what are living parasites

parasitic worms, protozoa, fungi, prokaryote

what are nonliving parasite

virus, prions

what are the 2 strategies of surviving infection

eliminating the parasite, enduring the damage of the infection

what are the phases of virus infection

attachment to host, breaching barriers/penetration, proliferation

what occurs during cellular proliferation

cells in circulation eat and kill microbe or infected cells

what happens during humoral proliferation

molecules in circulation act on microbes

what are the three lines of defense

epithelial barrier, innate immunity, adaptive immunity

mucosal immunity

physical barrier- Epithelial barrier+gelatinous, chemical- pH, enzymatic- lysosomes/digestives enzymes

innate immunity

cellular- phagocytosis, humoral- antimicrobial peptides

adaptive immunity

cellular- T cells& B cells, humoral- antibodies

steps of infection response

host detects infection, activates within cells transcription factor (NF-kB), leads to transcription of immune effectors and immune cells, kills invader

what are the 3 types of molecular signatures to recognize an infection

recognize a microbial patterns (PAMPs), non-self molecule (antigens), or damage associated with the infection (DAMPS)

what are the steps of phagocytosis

pathogen recognition, internalization of microbe in vacuole, phagosome acidifies and fuses with vacuoles filled with degrading enzymes that generate oxygen species to kill microbes

What are antimicrobial peptides

humoral effector, positively charged effector binds to negatively charged membrane leads to pore creation and lysis

describe inflammation

release of mediator molecules (chemokines, cytokines, histamine) that trigger vasodilation and leakage to bring blood flow to the region

what are the 4 signs of inflammation

rubor, tumor, calor, dolor

describe adaptive immunity: somatic DNA recombination occurs to_________. Immune repertoire begins (recognition receptors and effector molecules). The response relies on the _________ as it generate cells with ________. This activates a ________ that recognize the pathogen, and cells with ________ are deleted.

combine DNA to recognize any molecule, diversity of the receptor and molecule, unique receptors that recognize non-self, clone of cells, receptors that recognize self

How does vaccination alter immune response to infection

second exposure allows for faster response; clone cells and antibodies already exist from vaccination exposure

Describe cellular adaptive immunity

cytotoxic T cells bind to infected cell and recognize the non-self complex (MHC antigen presented) and kill infected cell

describe humoral adaptive immunity

antibodies bind to pathogen and neutralize, recruit complement system that causes bacteria lysis, phagocytic cells grab antibodies bound to surface of foreign bodies for phagocytosis

what is opsonization

process in humoral adaptive immunity where phagocytic cells grab antibodies bound to surface of foreign bodies for phagocytosis

what is the virus cycle

attachment/penetration, DNA/RNA duplication, viral assembly and release

Describe innate immunity characteristics: response is ___, specificity is ____and same response is _________, diversity is _____, and memory is ______ (later exposures have same response)

immediate, limited, mounted to wide variety of agents, limited, absent

describe adaptive immunity characteristics: response is ___, specificity is ____and same response is _________, diversity is _____, and memory is ______ (later exposures have amplified response)

delayed, high, directed only to agents that initiate it, extensive (wide range of antigen receptors), present

what are antiviral countermeasures

cytotoxicity of T lymphocytes, neutralizing antibodies, interferon signaling (interfere with replication)

what are nucleic acid based strategies

destruction of virus nucleic acids- RNA interference or CRISPR-Cas system

describe RNA interference (RNAi): when a virus replicates in a cell it _____. dsRNA intermediates are ________ which generates small dsRNA called _______. Another enzyme called ___binds to siRNA which _______

produces dsRNA, destroyed by an enzyme called DICER, siRNA that are homologous to the virus, RISC, scans RNA in cell and destroys all RNA homologous to the siRNA

describe CRISPR-Cas: bacteria captures _________. CRISPR locus is transcribed in ______, integrated to _____. Surveillance and _______by RNA-mediated homology

pieces of the invading bacteriophage and inserts into CRISPR locus, RNA, Cas9 protein, DNA cleavage

what is R naught

average number of new infections caused by one infected individual in a completely susceptible population

what is the equation that represents infection reproduction of infections

Re = R0 (1-p *E); if Re <1 the disease will slowly disappear

what are the steps of phagocytosis

recognition, internalization, acidification and enzymatic digestion

what occurs during sepsis

the body’s response to infection becomes dysregulated, inflammatory mediators (cytokines) spread through the circulation, altering vascular tone, capillary permeability, and organ perfusion