BM211 - Block E

The Archaea are

diverse microorganisms that inhabit almost every environment on Earth, including the colon of humans and other mammals.

The Archaeae are capable of diverse metabolic processes including….

Chemolithotrophy, chemoorganotrophy, aerobic respiration and photolithotrophy

Some of the largest naturally occurring plasmids occur in the

extreme halophiles

Most halobacteria use __________ as a carbon substrate

Most halobacteria use AMINO & ORGANIC ACIDS as a carbon substrate

The Cytoplasmic proteins of Halobacterium are __________

The Cytoplasmic proteins of Halobacterium are HIGHLY ACIDIC

What special adaptation has Thermoplasma evolved to survive in hot acidic environments?

Thermoplasma stabilise their cytoplasmic membrane by incorporation of tetraether lipoglycans in the cytoplasmic membrane.

A chemoorganotroph growing optimally at 55°C and pH 2 in complex media would most likely be a member of the genus _____

Thermoplasma

Which genus within Archaea is capable of growth at the hottest temperature recorded of 122°C?

Methanopyrus

What makes the metabolism of Ferroglobus interesting in the context of evolution

Ferroglobus is an anaerobic iron–oxidizing chemolithotrophic autotroph that may represent a key metabolism that allowed for the oxidation of ferrous iron without molecular oxygen.

Hot sulphur–rich environments associated with terrestrial sulphur–rich springs are called

solfataras

Archaea lack what polysaccharide in their cell wall?

Peptidoglycan

Structural differences between Archaeal and bacterial flagella are and example of……

Convergent evolution

Picrophilus is an extremophile that is highly tolerant to….

Acidic conditions

Give an example of an Archaea that grows in iron mine tailings

Ferroplasma

Examples of genera of the Crenarchaeota include….

Sulfolobus, Acidianus, Thermoproteus, Pyrobaculum

Thermoplasma and Ferroplasma lack……

Cell walls

Certain types of sponge can form a mutualism with…..

Cyanobacteria

The squid Euprymna scolopes forms a mutualism with…..

Vibrio fischeri (to make light for predation avoidance)

Mycorrhizae are a symbiosis between which two type of organism?

Plants and Fungi

Plants produce what type of molecule to attract Rhizobial bacteria?

Flavonoid

What type of animal is a Hydra?

Cnidarian

Two organisms that both benefit from each other are in a symbiotic relationship called

mutualism

Mitochondria originated from the

prokaryotes

Buchnera is the primary endosymbiont of ________

Aphids

Wigglesworthia is the primary endosymbiont of the

TseTse fly

What process occurs in plant root nodules?

Nitrogen fixation

In insects, primary symbionts are ________, while secondary symbionts ________.

In insects, primary symbionts are REQUIRED FOR HOST REPRODUCTION, while secondary symbionts ARE NOT.

A species of insect that lives solely on pine sap was found to contain a bacterial symbiont. Genome sequencing of both the host and the symbiont revealed that the symbiont lacked many genes required for energy production, and the host lacked genes for biosynthesis of several essential amino acids. What is/are the most likely mechanism(s) that caused the loss of these genes?

coevolution

A mutant of Rhizobium leguminosarum is able to survive and reproduce in the laboratory outside of plant roots, but can no longer initiate root nodule formation. What type of genes are most likely mutated in this mutant?

nod genes

The insect symbiont Wolbachia can be used to suppress disease transmission by mosquitoes because

Wolbachia supplies essential nutrients to the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus.

What is the route of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi from the Triatome bug to the human?

From the faeces

Give two examples of non–invasive flagellated parasites

Trichomonas vaginalis, Giardia lamblia

Give three examples of Apicomplexan parasites

Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium parvum, Plasmodium falciparum

Give three examples of Amoebae

Acanthamoeba castellani, Naegleria fowleri, Entamoeba histolytica

Give an example of a flagellated parasite that forms cysts?

Giardia intestinalis

Give an example of a ciliated parasite

Balantidium coli

Metronidazole can be used to treat…….

Trichomonas vaginalis, Giardia intestinalis, Balantidium coli

Cysts enable parasites to survive

the acidic conditions of the stomach

What is the definitive host for Toxoplasma gondii?

Cat

What is the order of events in the Plasmodium life cycle?

Sporozoites, schizont, merozoites, ring stage trophozoite, gametocytes, ookinete, oocyst

What distinguishes Leishmania mexicana from Leishmania donovani?

Large parasitophorous vacuole with multiple amastigotes

Where could you detect the parasite in human African trypanosomiasis?

Blood

What can be consequences of invasive amoebiasis?

Abscess in liver, lung, brain

How many trophozoites does Entamoeba histolytica form per cyst?

eight

What are the multiple cell bodies in a brain cyst of Toxoplasma gondii called?

Bradyzoites

Which insect is the vector of Plasmodium?

Anopheles

What is the flagellated stage of Plasmodium called?

microgamete