Conservatives and Human Nature Q&A

Comprehensive flashcards covering the conservative ideological perspectives on human nature, including key thinkers like Hobbes, Burke, Oakeshott, and Rand.

What is the primary area of agreement among all conservatives regarding human nature in a 'state of nature'?

They agree that without a state, human nature would naturally lead to conflict, and therefore a strong state is necessary to provide order.

How did Thomas Hobbes describe human life in the absence of a strong state in his work 'Leviathan'?

He described it as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."

According to Edmund Burke in 'Reflections on the Revolution in France', what determines the extent to which men are qualified for civil liberty?

It is in exact proportion to their disposition to put "moral chains upon their own appetites."

What did Ayn Rand argue was the only proper purpose of a government in 'The Virtue of Selfishness'?

To protect man's rights, which specifically means protecting him from physical violence.

How do Traditional and One-Nation conservatives view human imperfection?

They see it as a constant that includes psychological, moral, and intellectual limitations which politicians must recognize and accommodate.

What role does the concept of 'original sin' play in Traditional conservatism?

It influences the belief that humans are morally imperfect with a natural inclination toward self-interest and immorality, requiring moral education and strong institutions.

Why do Traditional and One-Nation conservatives believe humans are psychologically imperfect?

They believe humans are influenced more by emotions, fears, and desires than by logic and reason, leading to impulsive decisions.

What is the 'boat' analogy used by Michael Oakeshott to describe political activity?

He compared governance to navigating a vessel on a vast, unpredictable sea, requiring constant adjustments to keep the ship afloat rather than pursuing an unknown destination.

What position does the New Right take on the concept of human imperfection?

The New Right rejects human imperfection and instead views human nature as rational, self-interested, and capable of self-governance.

How did Ayn Rand view altruism and its effect on individuals?

She argued that altruism diminishes individual freedom and creates an unhealthy dependence, famously stating that a man living for others is a "parasite."

What did Edmund Burke mean by the term "little platoons"?

Small communities and associations, such as families and local groups, that provide individuals with security, status, and a sense of belonging while teaching values.

Which two specific acts of social reform were enacted by the Disraeli government in $1875$?

The Public Health Act of $1875$ and the Artisans' and Labourers' Dwellings Improvement Act of $1875$.

How does the New Right's view of society differ from Traditional conservatism?

The New Right sees society as atomistic—a loose collection of individuals—and opposes the idea that society or the state should provide moral guidance.

What is Robert Nozick's theory of self-ownership?

The assertion that individuals have sovereignty over their bodies and the fruits of their labor, and should be free from coercive state interference.

What does the New Right consider to be the 'highest moral pursuit'?

The pursuit of one's own self-interest.