Untitled Flashcards Set

Appetitive behavior is the initial component of an elicited behavior sequence that is __________.

variable and occurs in response to general spatial cues.

In autoshaping, a pigeon will peck a key light that is paired with the delivery of food, even though __________.

food delivery is not contingent on pecking.

Avoidance behavior is an instrumental response that __________ the delivery of an aversive stimulus.

prevents

The blocking effect refers to the retardation of Pavlovian conditioning to a novel stimulus when it is presented __________.

in a compound with a previously conditioned stimulus.

Classical conditioning is a type of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus (CS) comes to elicit a __________.

conditioned response (CR) through repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (US).

Conditioned inhibition occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) signals the __________ of the unconditioned stimulus (US).

absence

The learned response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus (CS) after repeated pairings with the unconditioned stimulus (US) is called __________.

conditioned response (CR).

A conditioned stimulus (CS) is an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a __________ after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US).

conditioned response (CR).

Consummatory behavior serves to complete or consummate a __________ response sequence.

natural

The term contingency describes the degree to which one event __________ another.

predicts

A cumulative record is a graphical representation of responding in operant conditioning in which the number of responses is plotted as a function of __________.

time.

Delay discounting refers to the decrease in the value of a reinforcer as the __________ to receiving it increases.

delay

Discrimination is the ability to respond __________ to different stimuli.

differently

Drive reduction theory posits that motivation is based on the __________ of biological drives.

reduction

Escape behavior is an instrumental response that __________ an aversive stimulus.

terminates

Extinction occurs when the CS is presented without the __________ in classical conditioning.

US

A fixed-interval schedule is a reinforcement schedule where the first response after a __________ amount of time is reinforced.

fixed

Fixed-ratio schedule requires a specific number of responses to occur before the __________ is delivered.

reinforcer

Generalization is the tendency for learned behavior to occur in the presence of stimuli that are __________ to the original stimulus.

similar

Goal tracking is a conditional response directed toward the location of __________ delivery (i.e., the goal).

reward

Habituation involves the decrease in the vigor of an elicited behavior resulting from repeated presentations of the __________ stimulus.

eliciting

Instrumental conditioning, also known as operant conditioning, is a type of learning where the __________ of a behavior influences its probability of occurring again.

consequences

Latent inhibition refers to the retardation of Pavlovian conditioning due to repeated exposures of the conditioned stimulus by itself before __________.

CS–US pairings

The law of effect, proposed by Thorndike, suggests that responses followed by a satisfying state of affairs will be __________ to occur again.

more likely

Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of __________.

experience

The magnitude of reinforcement extinction effect states that there is more rapid extinction with a __________ reinforcer.

larger

Modal action patterns (MAP) are exhibited by most members of a species in much the same __________.

way

Negative punishment involves the omission of an __________ stimulus following an instrumental response.

appetitive

In negative reinforcement, if the instrumental response is performed, the aversive stimulus is __________.

terminated

The overexpectation effect occurs when a stimulus is presented in a compound with another stimulus that also has been paired with the __________.

same US

Overshadowing refers to a decrement in conditioning with one conditioned stimulus due to the presence of another __________ stimulus.

conditioned

The partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) shows that responses are more rapidly extinguished after __________ than after partial or intermittent reinforcement.

continuous reinforcement (CRF)

The positive punishment procedure results in the delivery of an __________ stimulus after the instrumental response.

aversive

Positive reinforcement involves the delivery of an __________ stimulus following the instrumental response.

appetitive

The Premack principle states that a high-probability behavior can reinforce a __________ behavior.

low-probability

A reinforcer is defined as a stimulus or event that __________ the probability of a response.

increases

Reinstatement refers to the reappearance of an __________ response produced by exposures to the US or reinforcer.

extinguished

The renewal effect is a recovery of the conditioned response when the context during __________ is changed.

extinction

The Rescorla-Wagner model suggests that learning depends on the __________ of the unconditioned stimulus.

surprisingness

The response deprivation hypothesis states that restricting access to a behavior below its __________ will make access to that behavior a positive reinforcer.

baseline level

S-R learning proposes that learning involves the formation of an association between a __________ and a response.

stimulus

S-S learning involves the formation of an association between __________ stimuli.

two

A schedule of reinforcement determines which occurrence of a response is followed by the __________.

reinforcer

Sensitization is an increase in the vigor of elicited behavior that may result from repeated presentations of the __________ stimulus.

eliciting

Shaping involves the reinforcement of successive __________ of a desired behavior.

approximations

A sign stimulus is a specific external stimulus that elicits a __________ action pattern.

modal

Sign tracking is a type of Pavlovian conditioning where the conditioned response is directed toward the __________ of the conditioned stimulus (CS).

location

Spontaneous recovery refers to the return of extinguished responding that occurs after a period of __________ following extinction.

time

Stimulus control occurs when the presence of a discriminative stimulus reliably affects the __________ of a behavior.

probability

Stimulus generalization is the tendency to respond in a similar way to stimuli that __________ the original training stimulus.

resemble

An unconditioned response (UR) is the response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus (US) without __________.

any prior training

An unconditioned stimulus (US) is a stimulus that elicits an __________ response without any prior training.

unconditioned

A variable-interval schedule is a reinforcement schedule where the first response after a __________ amount of time is reinforced.

variable

A variable-ratio schedule requires a __________ number of responses to occur before the reinforcer is delivered.

variable