HOSA Health Disparities in the US Chapter 1 notes

How greater of a chance do African Americans have at getting multiple myeloma than white americans?

black women: 2.4x

black men: 2x

What are the social determinants of health?

"The conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age. These circumstances are shaped by the distribution of money, power."

What are health inequities?

the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries.

Health inequities are mostly caused by?

The social determinants of health

Most of the health status variations in developed countries are caused by?

differences in social hierarchy and position, NOT healthcare

What was the percentage of the US economy directed towards providing healthcare in 1988?

11%

What was the percentage of the US economy directed towards providing healthcare in 2016?

17.9%

Why has the percentage of the US economy directed towards healthcare increased?

- Expansion of health insurance through the ACA

- Investment in new medications, facilities, and technologies

Which country spends the most money on healthcare?

United States

Which developed country has the worst life expectancy and infant mortality?

United States

Babies in the US are expected to live how many years less than babies in other developed countries?

2-6 years less

The USA has a higher infant mortality rate than how many countries in OECD?

31 out of 35

Which country has the highest male life expectancy?

Switzerland (81.7 years)

Which country has the highest female life expectancy?

Japan (87.1 years)

Which country has the lowest infant mortality rate?

Japan (2.0 / 1000)

What are the top two causes of death in the USA?

Heart disease and cancer

How much did the death rate for unintentional injuries (third highest cause of death) increase by between 2014 - 2016?

17%

Why did the death rate for unintentional injuries increase?

Opioid Epidemic (deaths of despair aka opioid overdose deaths and suicides)

Deaths of despair occur mainly among what group and why?

Non-Hispanic whites living outside large urban areas, caused due to self-destructive health behaviors from SES factors.

How much higher was the death rate in Nevada vs Utah?

40% higher for young adults, 50-70% higher for those aged 40-49

How much higher was the combined death rate in Nevada from lung cancer and cirrhosis of the liver against Utah?

100-600% higher

Why is the death rate in Nevada so much higher than in Utah?

The influence of the Mormon Church in Utah leads to lower rates of smoking and alcohol abuse

Victor Fuchs said what about income and health?

Differences in income are the principal determinants of differences in health status

What is the main factor behind the decline in death rates from Tuberculosis (TB) in England and Wales between 1840-1970?

The rising standard of living (better nutrition, sanitation, housing, public health measures, income), NOT the vaccine that developed in the 1950s

What happened in the opera, "La Boheme?"

A poor woman named Mimi dies from tuberculosis

What happened in the novel, "Magic Mountain?"

A wealthy man named Hans recovers from tuberculosis due to years of good meals, fresh air, exercise, and companionship

What was the main reason behind the decline in the death rate in the US from 1900-1970?

The decline in infectious diseases due to rising levels of income and improvements in living standards

Infectious diseases were replaced by deaths from what three major chronic diseases?

Heart disease, cancer, and stroke

Between heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, and lung disease, which one sharply decreased from 1970-2002?

heart disease

Between heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, and lung disease, which one increased from 1970-2002?

lung disease

Heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, and stroke accounted for what percentage of deaths in the US in 2011?

59%

What was the Whitehall Study?

four groups of employees in the British Civil Service were studied for their health: administrators, professionals / executive employees, clerical workers, and other workers. Education and training levels are different (administrators have the most education and training, other workers have the least).

In the Whitehall study, which group had the lowest rate of death?

administrative employees

In the Whitehall study, which group had the highest rate of death?

other workers

Renaud stated what about social hierarchy and health?

the lower one is situated on the social hierarchy, the lower one's probability of staying in good health and the lower one's life expectancy

What is the Theshold Model?

Those who live in poverty have lower health status than those who live above the poverty line. Once a family receives a sufficient income to meet basic food, clothing, and shelter needs, there is no further health benefit to rising standards of living

What is the Continuous Model?

There is a health benefit to escaping poverty. The farther a family gets from poverty, the higher the income and standard of living, and the better the health becomes

Which model does the Whitehall study primarily show?

Continuous Model

How does SES impact chronic illnesses

With every step down the SES hierarchy, the chances go up of having arthritis, high blood pressure, and other chronic diseases.

How does SES impact the mortality rate for both adults and infants?

every step down the SES hierarchy increases the chance of death for both adults and infants.

How have medical advances impacted health status between classes?

Relatively little changes

What is the health difference between the UK and the US?

In the UK, all residents have UHC through the BNHS (British national health service). In the US, healthcare is privatized and a market commodity available for those who can pay for it.

How many people had no health insurance and little access to healthcare in 2012?

48 million people

After changes to the ACA were made in 2014, how much did the number of uninsured Americans decrease by?

18 million people

After changes to the ACA were made in 2014, how many uninsured Americans were there?

27 million people

What is the main point of Chapter 1?

Income and social position affect health directly, as well as affecting it indirectly through impaired access to healthcare.