AP HUG ALL VOCAB

urban

city/suburban areas that are not agricultural or wilderness

urbanization

growth of population in urban areas

early hearths of urbanization

first ag revolution: mesopotamia, egypt, indus river

urban morphology

spatial layout or shape of a city

site

attributes of a location that make it suitable for settlement (baltimore harbor)

situation

advantages to a location when you consider its position relative to other places

second urban revolution

urbanization trend in the late 1700s (great britain, europe, US) as factories attract ag workers from countryside

central place theory

a model to predict how where urban settlements would be distributed

range of service

the maximum distace a person will travel to reach a certain business or service

threshold of service

the minimum number of people required to support a business or service

?????

???????

primate city

a dominant city that has more than twice the population of the second-largest

zoning

the division of a municipality into certain regions for certain purposes

mixed-use zoning or development

a type of urban development strategy that blends

First Agricultural Revolution

hunting and gathering --> agriculture and settlement

eg: animal & plant domestication

Fertile Crescent, Indus River Valley, Southeast Asia, Mesoamerica

Fertile Crescent

Region in the Middle East from modern day Iraq to Egypt where farming first began 10,000 years ago

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Second Agricultural Revolution

-Preceding the Industrial Revolution in GB (1700s)

-Crop rotation, animal breeding, farming machinery, larger farms

(helped feed population working in cities)

Green Revolution (3rd)

-1940s-1980s

-Ag research that created high-yield varieties of crops through crossbreeding

-use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, mechanization

(Norman Borlau)

Von Thunen Model

Proximity of ag land uses ----> market center

rings from city center:

market gardening and dairy, forests for timber, grains and field crops, ranching and livestock

Bid-Rent Theory

land is more expensive closer to city centers (retailers want to be closer to customers)

Koppen Climate System

classification of climate regions based on temperature and precipitation patterns: tropical, dry, temperate, continental, polar, and highlands

CLIMATE INFLUENCES AGRICULTURE

Tropical Climate

-hot temps all year

-abundant rainfall

-intense sunlight

-lack of seasonal variation

Mediterranean Climate

-warm temps all year

-dry summers

-wet winters

-grapes, fig, and olives

intensive farming

labor that uses large amounts of labor and money 🤑🤑 relative to land area

they put a lot IN to the crops for production

extensive farming

small amounts of labor and little money in relation to land area

-relies on natural fertility and rain water

-practiced where land is inexpensive, far from urban areas

dairying

ag that produces milk products

fruit, truck, and market gardening

produces fruit and veggies, CLOSER TO MARKET

truck farming === larger scale

mixed livestock and crop farming

when crops and livestock are interspersed

commercial grain farming

INTENSIVE farming of grains using machinery

livestock ranching

ranching in DRIER areas where the land is CHEAPER, extensive, but may be intensive in the developed world

cash crop plantation

coffee, cocoa, bananas, cotton

monoculture

growing one crop at a large farm, common with commercial grain farming and plantation ag

-cash crops for export

mono=ONE

CAFO (concentrated animal feeding operation)

INTENSIVE

lots of animals contained in pens and fed grain with antibiotics

prior to slaughter ☹️☹️

subsistence agriculture

low-scale, low-tech, emphasizes food production for personal consumption and not for trade

shifting cultivation

farmers clear vegetation, typically through slash and burn, plant crops, then move to a new area once nutrients are washed out of soil

TROPICAL RAINFOREST AREAS

slash and burn

cutting and burning of plants to create a field, ash makes soil fertile,

-lasts for 3-5 years b4 farmers move again

microfinance/microcredit

small loans --> poor people

encourages the development of small businesses

economics of scale

cost advantages produced by larger operations

carrying capacity

the maximum number of people that can be realistically supported by the geography of an area

CAN FLUCTUATE

commodity chain

the connected path from which a good travels from producers to consumers

desertification

severe soil degradation causing the spread of desert into formally arable lands; caused by global warming

soil salinization

the process by which salt accumulates in the soil

CSA (community supported agriculture)

subscription to receive produce each month from local farms

value-added agriculture

increading value through production process (eg GMOS etc)

organic farming

ecologically based pest controls and biological fertilizers

fair trade

trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries.

local food movement

distance from producer to consumer is small (reduces fossil fuels, improves local economies)

suburbanization

urban areas ---> surrounding areas (cookie cutter houses)

results in the depletion of farmland or wilderness (urban decay)

food desert

limited access to affordable and nutrituous food

terrace farming

when hilly or mountain terrain is cut into a series of flat surfaces resembling steps

decreases erosion and surface runoff

GMOS

organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques

irrigation

diversion of water from rivers/reservoirs to use on crops

-damming of rivers, salinization of soils

deforestation

the removal of forestland for the conversion of the land for farming

aquaculture

controlled cultivation of fishies

problems:

-depletion of wild fish populations for food

-aquatic pollution

-disease transfers to wild fish

biodiversity

variability of life on earth or in a specific place

clustered settlement pattern

houses are grouped together in tiny clusters

dispersed settlement pattern

individual farmhouses exist in isolated distribution (where land is cultivated by machine rather than by hand)

linear settlement pattern

when houses are positioned in a linear fashion along roads. canals, or rivers

round settlement pattern

when houses are positioned in a circle

metes and bounds

a survey system originating in GB

-a property is described using straight runs (metes) and features of the natural landscape like stone walls or rivers (bounds)

township and range

a survey system which imposed a grid-like pattern on the US

-designed to facilitate the movement of white farmers evenly across the farmlands of the US

long lot system

a survey system which produces long, narrow strops of land that emanate from a river

political geography

the study of political organization of the world

state

A COUNTRY (permanent population, defined territory, government, and recognized by other states)

territoriality

asserting control over an area

sovereignty

the ability to self govern

state morphology

how the shape of a country affects its well-being and culture, politics, etc

compact state

most compact is circular

elongated state

long and thin

prorupted state

long freaky arm

perforated state

a state that completely surrounds another one

fragmented state

discontinuous pieces of territory

city-state

a sovereign state that encompasses a city

microstate

very small land area

enclave

entirely surrounded by the territory of another state

exclave

a portion of a state or country that is geographically separated from the main territory by the land of one or more foreign states

landlocked state

locked by land

nation

a group of people who have shared culture and history and who seek some degree of political territorial autonomy

nation-state

a state whose territory corresponds to an ethnicity

multinational state

multiple groups (ethnic/cultural) in the same state

balkanization

a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

multistate nation

a nation that stretches across borders

irridentism

any political movement that seeks to claim/reclaim and occupy a land that the movement's members consider to be "lost"

stateless nation

a nation without a state

centripetal forces

UNIFY a nation

centrifugal forces

DIVIDE a nation

unitary state

capital serving as focus of power

federal state

state territory organized into sub states (like the US)

forward thrust capital

a symbolically relocated capital city

devolution

regions gain political authority at the expense of the federal government

autonomous region

a subdivision of a country that has a degree of self-governance

reapportionment

redistrubition of representation in a legislative body

redistricting

the process of redrawing congressional districts to reflect demographic changes following census

gerrymandering

redrawing legislative boundaries for partisan advantage

geometric boundary

a boundary that is a straight line

physical-political boundary

irregular boundary line following a feature of the landscape like a river or mountain range

steps in boundary creation

defined, delimited, demarcated, administered

types of boundary disputes

definitional, locational, operational, allocational

relic boundary

a man-made boundary which is no longer in service (berlin wall)