pd 2 terms b ap world history

Treaty of Tordesillas

Agreement between Castile and Portugal in 1494 to divide land claims between Spain and Portugal.

Triangular Trade

System of transporting raw materials from the English Colonies to Europe and trading manufactured goods for enslaved people from Africa.

Joint stock company

Company owned by multiple investors who divide the risk and share the profits.

Middle Passage

Route by which slave traders transported enslaved people from Africa to the Americas, known for its terrible conditions.

Trading post empire

System of gaining control of small areas of land and port cities to control trade in a region.

Engenho

Portuguese sugar plantation known for its dangerous working conditions.

Syncretism

Process of combining elements of different cultures into new religions, languages, and systems.

Renaissance

Period from the 1300s-1600s in which Europeans emphasized art, education, and innovation.

Humanism

Belief that people should focus on reason to explain the world, based on Classical Greek ideals.

Johannes Gutenberg

Introduced movable type to western Europe, expanding the availability of printed materials.

Martin Luther

German Catholic monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation.

Indulgence

Catholic Church's practice of forgiving sins or decreasing punishment.

Predestination

Protestant belief that God already knows if a person will be saved before birth.

Anglicanism

Protestant religion based in England with the English monarch as the head of the Church.

Puritan

Protestant Christian who wanted to reform the Church of England.

Catholic Counter Reformation

Religious movement to make changes to the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation.

Spanish Inquisition

Attempt to remove challenges to the Catholic Church from Spain.

Jesuit

Branch of Catholic priests dedicated to education, missions, scholarship, and defending the Catholic Church.

95 Theses

Document written by Martin Luther challenging practices of the Catholic Church.

Sacrament

Religious ceremony representing an important event in life/religion.

Edict of Nantes

Decision to give more religious freedoms to Protestants in Catholic France.

Intendant

Part of the French bureaucracy representing the king in specific parts of the kingdom.

East India Companies

British, French, and Dutch trading companies with government monopolies of trade to India and Asia.

Columbian Exchange

Movement of food, animals, ideas, and people between the New World and the Old World.

Mercantilism

Economic system in which colonies support the Mother Country by producing raw materials.

Indentured servitude

System in which a farmer pays for someone to work on their farm for a certain amount of time.

Chattel slavery

System of inherited slavery with limited opportunities for freedom.

Casta system

Spanish class system in New Spain based on ethnicity and social status.

Encomienda system

Grants of land and indigenous laborers given to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America.

Hacienda system

Plantation system in New Spain with coerced labor and landowners.

African Diaspora

Forced removal of African people as forced labor to other parts of the world.

Bartolomé de las Casas

Dominican friar who advocated for the rights of indigenous peoples.

Moctezuma II

Last independent Aztec ruler, killed during Cortés' conquest.

Galleons

Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from the New World colonies to Spain and East Asia.