human bio | circulatory & digestive systems

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Last updated 9:59 AM on 4/27/26
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12 Terms

1
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circulatory system

The network of organs and vessels that transport blood, nutrients, hormones and waste products throughout the body to maintain homeostasis and support cellular function.

2
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components of the circulatory system

  • heart

  • blood vessels - arteries, veins and capillaries

  • blood

3
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what do blood vessels do?

  • deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells

  • carry away waste products from cells

  • part of maintaining blood pressure

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3 types of blood vessels

arteries, capillaries, veins

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<p>blood vessel: arteries</p>

blood vessel: arteries

  • carries blood away from the heart

  • blood under high pressure (high in oxygen)

  • thick walls of muscle

  • narrow lumen

<ul><li><p>carries blood away from the heart</p></li><li><p>blood under <strong>high pressure</strong> (high in oxygen)</p></li><li><p>thick walls of muscle</p></li><li><p>narrow lumen</p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p>blood vessel: capillaries</p>

blood vessel: capillaries

  • connects arteries and veins

  • allows the exchange of materials

  • very thin walls of muscle

  • form branching capillary beds

  • lets materials move between blood and cells

<ul><li><p>connects arteries and veins</p></li><li><p>allows the exchange of materials</p></li><li><p>very thin walls of muscle</p></li><li><p>form branching capillary beds</p></li><li><p>lets materials move between blood and cells</p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p>blood vessel: veins</p>

blood vessel: veins

  • carries blood towards the heart

  • blood under low pressure (low in oxygen)

  • thin walls

  • wide lumen with anti-backflow valves

<ul><li><p>carries blood towards the heart</p></li><li><p>blood under <strong>low pressure</strong> (low in oxygen)</p></li><li><p>thin walls</p></li><li><p>wide lumen with anti-backflow valves</p></li></ul><p></p>
8
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properties of capillaries

  • the smallest blood vessels

  • deliver oxygen and nutrients to a nearby cell

  • removes carbon dioxide and water from nearby cells

  • extremely thin walls which are made of a single layer of endothelial cells

  • selectively permeable walls - allows some substances through but not others

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erythrocytes (red blood cells)

  • a biconcave disc that is round - this helps to increase its surface area so more oxygen can be carried

  • no nucleus - increases flexibility and ability to move through blood vessels

  • contains hemoglobin, a molecule specially designed to hold oxygen and carry it to cells that need it

  • can change shape without breaking, as it squeezes single file through the capillaries

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leucocytes

  • there are many different types (eg macrophage and lymphocyte)

  • all contain a nucleus

  • larger than rbc

  • macrophages engulf and digest micro-organisms (phagocytosis)

  • some lymphocytes fight disease by making antibodies to destroy invaders by dissolving them

  • other lymphocytes make antitoxins to break down poisons

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thrombocytes

  • are bits of cell broken off larger cells

  • no nucleus

  • they produce tiny fibrinogen fibres to form a net - this net traps other blood cells to form a blood clot

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plasma

mixture of water with dissolved substances such as sugar and salts

  • function: transport the components of blood (cells, nutrients, wastes, hormones, proteins, antibodies) throughout the body