short answer

Heart Disease Detection

A non-invasive exercise stress test monitors heart activity during physical exertion, while an invasive coronary angiogram uses dye and a catheter to provide detailed images of arterial blockages.

HIV

HIV destroys white blood cells, which are the body’s primary defense against pathogens, leaving the patient extremely vulnerable to secondary infections.

Septum defect

A hole in the septum allows oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix, which reduces overall oxygen delivery and causes symptoms like chronic fatigue or shortness of breath.

Hemophilia

Beyond genetic clotting factors, bleeding issues can be caused by dysfunctional platelets, which fail to form an initial plug, or a lack of the protein fibrinogen, which is needed for a stable clot.

Sickle cell anemia

This disorder impacts the respiratory and skeletal systems because deformed cells block capillaries, leading to symptoms like difficulty breathing and intense joint pain.

Heart sounds

The "lub-dub" sound is created by the closing of the heart valves to prevent backflow as blood is pumped through the chambers.

Cardiac cycle

The cycle consists of diastole where the heart relaxes to fill with blood, atrial systole to finish filling the ventricles, and ventricular systole to pump blood out to the body.