geography U2

Geotechnology

is the use of advanced technology in the study of geography and in everyday use

Georeferencing

Is linking geographic data to a particular location

Types of geotechnology

1. Global Positioning System (GPS)

2. Geographic Information systems (GIS)

3. Remote Sensing

4. Telematics

Global Positioning System (GPS)

A satellite based system that provides location data. Provides exact location (appx 5ft) and movement data. Only shows the exact location of something

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Is a computer system that manages, analyzes and communicates geographic information. Uses layers to show different things on a map. (Driving route to destination) Analze different features at the same time on a map. Helps us see patterns/trends and find interrelationships

Remote sensing

The process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area from a considerable distance using a satellite or an aircraft.

Telematics

The technology of monitoring vehicles by combining GPS sensors and wireless telecommunications to transmit real time data on location, driver behaviour and vechile health

Types of patterns

1. Dispersed

2. Concentrated

3. Clustered

4. Linear

5. Outlier

6. Absent

Graphs show….

Trends

Trends

Are observations made over a time period. A trend shows how these observations have changed

Types of trends

1. Increasing

2. Decreasing

3. Static

4. Fluctuating

5. Unpredictable

Satellite imagery can also show…

Trends

Pangaea

200 million years ago all of the present day continents combined to form a single supercontinent

Webber’s proof

1. Rocks that where the same age and type found on opposite sides of the ocean

2. Shape of the continents

3. Fossils that were the same on different continents

4. Paleo-Climate Data(glaciation)

Crust

Very thin, 1% of earth. Cold, hard, fragile rock

Mantle

Thickest layer of earth. Hot and molten rock

Outer core

Liquid Metal. Very dense. *the earths magnetic field comes from here

Inner core

Solid metal. Such high pressure that metals cannot move

Oceanic

Underneath the ocean

Continental

“land” above the ocean

how are plates moved

By a process called Convection Currents

Magma

Liquid molten rock found inside the earth

Lava

Liquid molten rock that is on the crust

Plate boundary

Exists between two plates

Types of boundaries

1. Divergent boundaries

2. Convergent boundaries

3. Transform boundaries

Divergent boundary

Two plates moving away from each other,

Ridge

As the oceanic plates pull apart, liquid molten rock fills the gap, comes in contact with the cold water and immediately hardens and becomes new rock

Rift Valley

When plates pull apart on land the gap is called a rift valley

Convergent Boundary

Two plates coming together

The rock cycle stages

1. Magma/lava

2. Igneous Rock

3. Sediments

4. Sedimentary Rock

5. Metamorphic Rock

Magma/lava

The melted rock under the crust

Igneous Rock

Is created when hot molten lava cools and hardens. Contains metallic minerals

Sediments

Is a loose material that is transported by wind, water, or ice.

Sedimentary rock

Type of rock formed by the accumulation, compaction and celebration of sediments over long periods.

Metamorphic rock

Is formed when igneous or sedimentary rock are subjected to heat, pressure and certain fluids.

Glaciers

A large body of ice that is constantly moving under its own weight. They are made up of snow and ice that over many years compresses into a large ice mass

When do glaciers form

They form during an ice age when cool temperatures exist for long periods of time

Glacial landforms

Landforms created by glaciers shaping the landscape

Till

Material that is deposited by moving glaciers

Kettle lake

Formed when a large block of ice gets trapped under glacial till. After the glacier retreats, the ice melts and a lake is formed

Erratics

When ice sheets pick up large rocks and carry them until the ice sheet melts depositing the rock in a random location

Drumlin

An egg/teardrop shaped hill. Steep at one side and tapered at the other.

Striations

Scratches in the bedrock as Gracie’s move forward and retreat. They show the direction the glacier was moving

Esker

A long narrow ridge made by an under ice river

Moraine

Ridges that are formed at the leading edge of an ice sheet(thick bulldozer pushing soil than stopping)

4 main types of Moraines

1. Lateral moraines

2. Terminal moraines

3. Medial moraines

4. Supraglacial moraines

Lateral moraine

Formed along the sides of the glacier

Terminal moraine

Formed at the end of the glacial advance

Medial moraine

Formed in the middle of two ice sheets

Suprglacial moraine

Formed on top of the ice sheet

Weather

Is what is happeneing in the atmosphere at a given time and at a given place

What does weather include

1. Precipitation

2. Temperature

3. Cloud cover

4. Air pressure

5. Wind speed

6. Humidity

Climate

Is the long term averages of temperature and precipitation.

Factors affecting climate

1. Latitude

2. Ocean currents

3. Wind and air pressure

4. Elevation

5. Relief

6. Near water

Latitude

The closer you are to the equator the warmer it will be

Ocean currents

Temperature of an ocean current affects the air above it

Warm air masses from the equator try to move…

North

Cold air masses from the arctic try to move…

South

Air masses coming from the ocean will be…

Wet

Air masses coming from land will be…

Dry

Types of air masses

1. Polar(north)

2. Tropical(south)

3. Continental(inland)

4. Maritime(near coast)

Polar air mass

Cold air from Arctic

Tropical air mass

Warm air from tropics

Continental air mass

Dry air from land

Maritime air mass

Wet air from ocean

Elevation

The higher you are the colder the temperature