Chapter 08: Early Tissue Reactions and Their Effects on Organ Systems

If a person receives radiation exposure sufficient to cause the gastrointestinal syndrome,

fatality occurs primarily as a result of

a. convulsive seizures.

b. catastrophic damage to the epithelial cells that line the gastrointestinal track.

c. edema in the cranial vault.

d. meningitis.

b. catastrophic damage to the epithelial cells that line the gastrointestinal track.

For persons with hematopoietic syndrome, survival time shortens as

a. the radiation dose decreases.

b. the radiation dose increases.

c. the radiation dose remains the same.

d. there is no survival time for persons with the hematopoietic syndrome.

b. the radiation dose increases.

Which of the following is not a form of acute radiation syndrome?

a. Carcinogenic syndrome

b. Hematopoietic syndrome

c. Gastrointestinal syndrome

d. Cerebrovascular syndrome

a. Carcinogenic syndrome

The term LD 50/30 signifies the whole-body dose of radiation that can be lethal to

a. 50% of the exposed population within 30 days.

b. 30% of the exposed population within 50 days.

c. 50% of the exposed population within 50 days.

d. 30% of the exposed population within 30 days.

a. 50% of the exposed population within 30 days.

Some local tissues suffer immediate consequences from high radiation doses. Examples of such tissues include

1. bone marrow.

2. male and female reproductive organs.

3. skin.

a. 1 and 2 only

b. 1 and 3 only

c. 2 and 3 only

d. All of the options

d. All of the options

Atrophy refers to

a. aging of the skin from radiation exposure.

b. shrinkage of organs and tissues after a high radiation dose is received.

c. necrosis of the hypodermis from radiation exposure.

d. wrinkling of the skin from radiation exposure.

b. shrinkage of organs and tissues after a high radiation dose is received.

What determines the rate of production of chromosome aberrations?

1. The total radiation dose given to a somatic cell

2. The total radiation given to a genetic cell

3. The period of time in which radiation dose was delivered

a. 1 and 2 only

b. 1 and 3 only

c. 2 and 3 only

d. All of the options

d. All of the options

In female oogonia, the ovarian stem cells

a. divide and reduce in number only during fetal development.

b. multiply to millions of cells only during fetal development.

c. are not present during fetal life.

d. are present only in very small numbers during fetal life.

b. multiply to millions of cells only during fetal development.

The correct order of development for the female germ cell from the stem cell phase to the mature cell is

a. ovum, mature follicle, corpus luteum, primordial follicle.

b. corpus luteum, primordial follicle, mature follicle, ovum.

c. primordial follicle, ovum, corpus luteum, mature follicle.

d. primordial follicle, mature follicle, corpus luteum, ovum.

d. primordial follicle, mature follicle, corpus luteum, ovum.

Which of the following are classified as early tissue reactions of ionizing radiation?

a. Erythema, cataract formation, and cancer

b. Nausea, epilation, and intestinal disorders

c. Male and female sterility, embryologic defects, and cancer

d. Blood disorders, fever, and genetic effects

b. Nausea, epilation, and intestinal disorders

The prodromal stage of acute radiation syndrome is actually the

a. beginning stage.

b. latent period.

c. manifest illness period.

d. recovery period.

a. beginning stage.

Research has shown that repeated radiation injuries have a

a. cumulative effect.

b. quadratic effect.

c. sigmoidal effect.

d. threshold effect.

a. cumulative effect.

The hematopoietic form of acute radiation syndrome is also called the

a. Auger syndrome.

b. bone marrow syndrome.

c. cerebrovascular syndrome.

d. cytogenetic syndrome.

b. bone marrow syndrome.

Organ and tissue response to radiation exposure depends on factors such as

1. radiosensitivity.

2. reproductive characteristics.

3. growth rate.

a. 1 and 2 only

b. 1 and 3 only

c. 2 and 3 only

d. All of the options

d. All of the options

A term that is synonymous with loss of hair is

a. atrophy.

b. desquamation.

c. epilation.

d. radiodermatitis.

c. epilation.

A single absorbed dose of 2 Gyt can cause a radiation-induced skin erythema within

a. 1 hour after irradiation.

b. 6 hours after irradiation.

c. 12 hours after irradiation.

d. 24 to 48 hours after irradiation.

d. 24 to 48 hours after irradiation.

In 1898, after suffering severe burns attributed to accumulated radiation exposure, this Boston dentist began investigating the potential hazards of radiation exposure and became the first known determined advocate of radiation protection was

a. Marie Curie.

b. Clarence Madison Dally.

c. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen.

d. William Herbert Rollins.

d. William Herbert Rollins.

The correct order of development of the male germ cell from the stem cell phase to the mature cell is

a. spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm.

b. spermatocyte, spermatogonia, spermatid, sperm.

c. spermatid, spermatogonia, spermatocyte, sperm.

d. sperm, spermatid, spermatogonia, spermatocyte.

a. spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm.

Chromosomal damage can be caused by

a. low radiation doses only.

b. high radiation doses only.

c. both low and high radiation doses.

d. none of the options.

c. both low and high radiation doses.

During cardiovascular or other therapeutic interventional procedures that use high-level fluoroscopy for extended periods, the effects of ionizing radiation on the skin are at most

a. nonexistent.

b. minimal.

c. moderate.

d. significant.

d. significant.

Moist and dry desquamation can be caused by

a. high radiation doses.

b. low radiation doses.

c. radiation doses received during routine diagnostic imaging procedures.

d. radiation dose received during annual testing of diagnostic imaging equipment.

a. high radiation doses.

Early tissue reactions are

a. common in diagnostic imaging.

b. not common in diagnostic imaging.

c. a result of irradiation of acellular tissue.

d. a result of Grenz rays in a diagnostic x-ray beam.

b. not common in diagnostic imaging.

Data from epidemiologic studies of human populations exposed to doses of ionizing radiation sufficient to cause acute radiation syndrome have been obtained from

1. atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

2. Marshall Islanders who were inadvertently subjected to high levels of fallout during an atomic bomb test in 1954.

3. nuclear radiation accident victims, such as those injured in the 1986 Chernobyl disaster.

4. patients who have undergone radiation therapy.

a. 1, 2, and 3 only

b. 1, 3, and 4 only

c. 2, 3, and 4 only

d. All of the options

d. All of the options

Grenz rays were once used to treat and successfully cure

a. acute radiation syndrome.

b. cancer.

c. lupus disease.

d. skin diseases such as ringworm.

d. skin diseases such as ringworm.

During the major response stages of acute radiation syndrome after the prodromal stage and a period of false calm that may last for several days, the stage when symptoms that affect the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and cerebrovascular systems occurs, this stage is called

a. the latent period.

b. manifest illness.

c. the cytogenic syndrome.

d. recovery.

b. manifest illness.