Comprehensive Clinical Medical Terminology Review (Systems 3-8)

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering the key terms, pathologies, and procedures for the Integumentary, Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Digestive, and Urinary systems as described in clinical lecture notes.

Dermatology

The medical specialty associated with the integumentary system and the treatment of skin disorders.

Epidermis

The outer, avascular, and nonsensitive layer of the skin that forms a protective covering for the body.

Subcutaneous tissue

The layer of tissue lying just beneath the dermis that binds the skin to underlying structures and prevents heat loss.

Lesion

A wound, injury, or pathological change in body tissue.

Alopecia

Absence or loss of hair, especially of the head; also known as baldness.

Ecchymosis

Skin discoloration consisting of a large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area; commonly called a bruise.

Autograft

Transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site in the same individual.

Pulmonology

The branch of medicine focusing on diseases of the lower respiratory tract, including the lungs, airways, and chest wall.

Alveolus

An air sac within the lungs where the exchange of $O_2$ and $CO_2$ takes place.

Acidosis

Excessive acidity of blood due to an accumulation of acids or an excessive loss of bicarbonate caused by abnormally high levels of $CO_2$.

Atelectasis

Collapse of lung tissue, preventing the respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Epistaxis

Hemorrhage from the nose; also called a nosebleed.

Pneumothorax

A collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity, causing the complete or partial collapse of a lung.

Spirometry

A common lung function test that measures and records the volume and rate of inhaled and exhaled air.

Cardiology

The medical specialty focusing on medical, surgical, and therapeutic treatments of heart diseases.

Systole

The phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries.

Aneurysm

Abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery as a result of weakness in its wall.

Ischemia

Inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to a body part as a result of an interruption of blood flow.

Myocardial Infarction ($MI$)

Necrosis of a portion of cardiac muscle caused by partial or complete occlusion of one or more coronary arteries; also called a heart attack.

Angioplasty

A surgical procedure that opens a blocked artery by inflating a small balloon within a catheter to restore blood flow.

Hematology

The study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and the diseases associated with them.

Antigen

A substance that, when entering the body, prompts the generation of antibodies, causing an immune response.

Hemopoiesis

The production and development of blood cells, normally occurring in the bone marrow; also called hematopoiesis.

Sickle Cell Anemia

A hereditary form of anemia characterized by crescent-shaped erythrocytes that become rigid and obstruct blood flow.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ($SLE$)

An autoimmune disease characterized by unusual antibodies in the blood that inflame and damage connective tissues throughout the body.

Gastroenterology

The branch of medicine concerned with disorders of the digestive system and its accessory organs.

Cirrhosis

Chronic liver disease characterized by destruction of liver cells that eventually leads to ineffective liver function and jaundice.

Borborygmus

A gurgling or rumbling sound heard over the large intestine caused by gas moving through the intestines.

Hematochezia

The passage of bright red, bloody stools, usually indicating that the colon is bleeding.

Lithotripsy

The process of eliminating a stone within the gallbladder or urinary system by crushing it surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves.

Nephrology

The subspecialty of internal medicine that focuses on the care of patients with diseases and conditions affecting the kidneys.

Dialysis

A mechanical filtering process used to remove metabolic waste products from blood, draw off excess fluids, and regulate body chemistry when kidneys fail.

Dysuria

Painful or difficult urination, typically caused by a urinary tract condition.

Hydronephrosis

An excessive accumulation of urine in the renal pelvis as a result of an obstruction of a ureter.

Enuresis

Involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which bladder control should be established; also called bed-wetting.

Urinalysis ($UA$)

Physical, chemical, and microscopic analysis of urine.

abrasion

Scraping or rubbing away of a surface, such as skin, by friction

abscess

Localized collection of pus at the site of an infection

furuncle

Abscess that originates in a hair follicle

carbuncle

Cluster of furuncles in the subcutaneous tissue

Acne

Inflammatory disease of sebaceous follicles marked by comedos, papules, and pustules

Burn

Tissue injury caused by thermal, chemical, electrical, or radioactive agents

carcinoma

Cancerous tumor that originates in epithelial tissue

melanoma

Malignant tumor originating in melanocytes

eczema

Redness and inflammation of the skin caused by swelling of capillaries

gangrene

Death of tissue resulting from loss of blood supply

hemorrhage

Loss of a large amount of blood in a short period

hematoma

Localized collection of blood trapped under the skin

ichthyosis

Genetic skin disorder causing dry, scaly skin

impetigo

Bacterial skin infection characterized by pustules and crusting

keloid

Overgrowth of scar tissue caused by excessive collagen formation

psoriasis

Chronic skin disease with itchy red patches and silvery scales

scabies

Contagious skin disease caused by itch mites

Tinea

Fungal infection of the skin; ringworm

Ulcer

Inflamed lesion with necrosis and sloughing of tissue

urticaria

Allergic skin reaction with itchy elevated patches; hives

verruca

Rounded epidermal growth caused by a virus; wart

vitiligo

Localized loss of skin pigmentation producing white patches

biopsy

Removal of tissue for microscopic examination

skin test

Test in which allergens are applied or injected into the skin

cryosurgery

Use of extreme cold to destroy abnormal tissue

debridement

Removal of foreign or damaged tissue from a wound

fulguration

Destruction of tissue using high-frequency electrical current

Mohs surgery

Layer-by-layer surgical removal of skin tumors

skin graft

Transplantation of healthy tissue to an injured site

dermabrasion

Removal of skin imperfections using abrasive materials

antibiotics

Drugs that kill bacteria causing skin infections

antifungals

Drugs that kill fungi infecting the skin

antipruritics

Agents that reduce severe itching

corticosteroids

Anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat skin inflammation

Chemical peel

Use of chemicals to remove outer skin layers

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Life-threatening fluid buildup in alveoli causing severe breathing difficulty.

anosmia

Absence or decrease in the sense of smell.

anoxia

Total absence of oxygen in body tissues.

asphyxia

Condition of insufficient oxygen intake.

asthma

Inflammatory airway disorder causing wheezing and shortness of breath.

bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchial airways.

coryza

Inflammation of nasal passages with discharge; common cold.

croup

Respiratory syndrome with barking cough and stridor.

cystic fibrosis

Genetic disease causing thick mucus buildup in lungs.

emphysema

COPD characterized by loss of lung elasticity.

hypercapnia

Excessive carbon dioxide in the blood.

hypoxemia

Deficiency of oxygen in the blood.

hypoxia

Deficiency of oxygen in tissues.

influenza

Acute contagious respiratory infection.

otitis media

Inflammation of the middle ear.

pertussis

Infectious disease characterized by whooping cough.

pleurisy

Inflammation of the pleural membrane.

arterial blood gases (ABGs)

Tests measuring oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood.

Mantoux test

Skin test for tuberculosis exposure.

polysomnography

Sleep study test.

pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

Tests measuring lung capacity and gas exchange.

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

Emergency life-support procedure.

endotracheal intubation

Insertion of a tube into the trachea to maintain an airway.

thoracocentesis

Needle puncture to remove pleural fluid or air.

tracheostomy

Creation of an opening into the trachea.

bronchodilators

Drugs that dilate constricted airways.

expectorants

Drugs that help expel mucus.

angina pectoris

Chest pain caused by ischemia.

arrhythmia

Irregular heartbeat rhythm.