things karlie struggles with when studying for nmtcb

ERPF

the portion of blood that is presented to the renal secretory system

GFR

the rate of filtrate formed a minute in all nephrons in both kidneys

DTPA

preferred agent for calculating GFR

MAG3

preferred agent for calculating ERPF

active transport

MOA pertechnetate

ionization chamber

dose calibrator is what type of instrument?

monthly

how often must chi-square tests be performed on a thyroid probe?

quarterly

how often must energy resolution be performed on a thyroid probe?

annually

how often must detector efficiency be performed on a thyroid probe?

chi-square test of thyroid probe

collecting 10 measurements from the 137Cs standard and verifying that the results fall within the 0.1-0.9 probability range

a fraction of a microcurie

generally speaking, what level radiation can a well-counter detect?

well-counter chi-square test

measurement of the statistical variability of the detector

higher levels of radiation cause higher levels of dead time and inaccuracies

what is a big disadvantage of well counters?

gas filled

the geiger-mueller counter is what type of detector?

100 mR/hr

GM counters are limited to exposure rates of about how high?

125-250 mg via IV

dose for aminophylline

25-50 mg orally 1 hr prior to renal study

captopril dose

0.3 mg/kg given via IV over 1-2 min

dose of furosemide

0.02 ug/kg in 10 mL of saline via IV over 60 min

dose for sincalide

0.04 mg/kg in 10 mL of saline via IV over 2-3 min

dose of morphine

2000 units per 50 cc of blood

dose of heparin

NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES

NRC form 3

Specific domestic licenses to manufactures or transfer certain containing byproduct material

10 CFR 32

Rules applicable to licensing of byproduct materials

10 CFR 30

Part of the “medical use of radiation” statute dealing with authorized users

10 CFR 35 D-H

Notices, instructions, report to workers, inspection, and investigation

10 CFR 19

Export and Import of nuclear equipment and material

10 CFR 110

Medical uses of radiation

10 CFR 35

Standards for radiation protection

10 CFR 20

Regulations pertaining to commercial transport of radioactive materials

49 CFR Part 100 - 500

• call RSO

• call referring physician

• call NRC

within 24 hours of a reportable event, what must happen?

written report to NRC, referring physician, and patient

within 15 days of a reportable event, what must happen?

5 years

how long are records of reportable events kept?

< 2 mR/hr or <100 mR per 7 consecutive days

unrestricted area

>2 mR/hr

restricted area

any area where radioactive materials are stored

caution radioactive materials

>5 mR/hr at 30 cm

caution radiation area keep out

>100 mR/hr

caution high radiation area

0.3 rem/year

what is the expected natural background radiation

100 mCi

major spill for Tc99m

100 mci

major spill for Tl-201

10 mCi

major spill for Ga-67

10 mci

major spill for In-111

1 mCi

major spill for I-131

surface: <0.5 mR/hr

TI: 0

white I

surface: <50 mR/hr

TI: < 1 mR/hr

yellow II

surface: <200 mR/hr

TI: <10 mR/hr

yellow III

2200 dpm per 100 cm³

what is the trigger limit on a wipe count of an incoming package?

Amount of radiation absorbed by an object/person and measured in r (rad) or Gy

absorbed dose

Combination of absorbed dose and the biologic effects, measured in rem and Sv

dose equivalent

the sum of the DDE for external exposures and the CEDE for internal exposures; (DDE + CEDE = TEDE)

tede

applies to external whole body exposure; means the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 1 centimeter (1,000 mg/cm2 )

DDE

the sum of the products of the weighting factors applicable to each of the body organs or tissues that are irradiated and the committed dose equivalent to each of these organs or tissues (HE,50 = S WTHT,50)

CEDE

means the derived limit for the amount of radioactive material taken into the body of an adult worker by inhalation or ingestion in a year.

ALI

means the concentration of a given radionuclide in air which, if breathed by Reference Man for a working year of 2,000 hours under conditions of light work, results in an intake of one ALI

DAC

5 rem / year

Prospective Limit

3 rem / quarter

Retrospective Limit

probability of the effect increasing with dose, but the severity of the effect is independent of the dose received (follows no threshold); cancer

Stochastic Effects

related directly to the absorbed radiation dose and the severity of the effect increases as the dose increases (typically has a threshold); skin redness or hair loss

Deterministic Effects

Break DNA strands by direct hit (exogenous damage)

Direct Effect

Chemical bond breakage of DNA strands (endogenous damage)

Indirect Effect

hypothesis that low doses of ionizing radiation (within the region of and just above natural background levels) are beneficial,

Hormesis

Indicates a proportional relationship to radiation dose

Linear Effects

The rate of response changes at different levels of exposure

Non-linear Effects

Requires a certain minimum exposure to be manifested (below this is considered safe)

Threshold

No required minimum, all exposure is unsafe

Non-threshold Effects

Breaking the total delivered dose into several separated portions allowing recovery periods between exposures (concept of radiation therapy treatments)

Fractionation

Happens internally from reactions within the cell

Endogenous damage

Caused by an external agent (radiation)

Exogenous damage

Occur in the exposed person

Somatic effects

Appear in later generations

Genetic effects

>200 rad in 2 hours ; nausea, vomit, diarrhea, headache, hypotension

(Radiation sickness at 200 Rem)

Acute Phase symptoms

If the dose wasn’t large enough to kill the patient, the patient recovers for just a short period of time

Latent Period symptoms

Final period ; no longer new cells being produced because base cell line destroyed

Illness Manifest

300-800 rad (death can occur in 2 - 8 weeks)

Hematopoietic syndrome

>1,000 rad (death in 3 - 10 days)

GI syndrome

>10,000 rad (death in matter of hours or days)

Cerebrovascular syndrome

Embryo or fetal effects ; can be seen with as low as 400 mRad

Teratogenic Effects

From gamete exposure (gonade exposure) prior to fertilization

Mutagenic Effects

sulfur colloid

sestamibi

mag3

which drugs are boiled as part of kit prep?

10-90 um

none larger than 150 um

particle size range for MAA

0.1-1 um

particle size range for sulfur colloid

actual/expected x 100%

generator efficiency formula

fatty liver

if uptake of X-133 in the liver is prominent, what is this indicative of?

MAG3

seeing the gallbladder is possible with which renal imaging agent?

activity lumbar spine

image at 2 hours for cisternography

vikings helmet

image at 6 hours for cisternography

activity over free convexities of the hemispheres

image at 12-24 hours for cisternography

superior sagittal sinus activity

image at 24-48 hours for cisternography

30 million

the number of counts required to accurately determine the integral uniformity for a large fov gamma camera

64×64

SPECT studies are usually performed in what matrix size?

transient equilibrium

The 99Mo-99mTc generator is an example of ________

0.15 uCi Mo-99 / 1 mCi Tc-99m

mo-99 limit in eluate

active transport

MOA mebrofenin

active transport

MOA MAG3

tubular secretion

MAG3 shows what portion of the kidney?

active transport

MOA I-123

active transport

MOA I-131

active transport

MOA Tl-201

active transport

MOA Rb-82