Humz exam cards

Rule of law

The idea that everyone, including government, must follow the law equally

Rules vs laws

Rules are informal guidelines; laws are formal rules enforced by the state

Justice

Being fair and making decisions based on fairness, equality, and access

Equality

Everyone is treated the same under the law without discrimination

Fairness

Decisions are unbiased and give all parties a fair hearing

Access

The ability to use the legal system and understand legal rights

Compassion

Understanding when making legal decisions

Mercy

Reducing punishment based on circumstances

Criminal law

Law dealing with crimes against society prosecuted by the state

Civil law

Law dealing with disputes between individuals or organisations

Criminal vs civil cases

Criminal: state prosecutes and punishes; Civil: individual claims compensation

Beyond reasonable doubt

Very high standard of proof used in criminal cases

Balance of probabilities

Standard of proof in civil cases; more likely than not

Criminal outcomes

Imprisonment, fines, community corrections

Civil outcomes

Compensation, damages, injunctions

Court hierarchy

Structure of courts ranked from lowest to highest

Why court hierarchy exists

Ensures consistency, allows appeals, and manages case complexity

Precedent

A previous court decision used to decide future similar cases

Why precedent is important

Ensures consistency and fairness in legal decisions

Judges create law

Judges develop law through decisions that set precedent

Higher courts bind lower courts

Lower courts must follow decisions of higher courts

Principles of justice

Fairness, equality, and access in the legal system

Fairness principle

All parties receive an unbiased hearing

Equality principle

All people are treated equally before the law

Access principle

People can use courts and legal support

Industrial Revolution

Period where production shifted from hand to machine manufacturing

Where it began

Britain

Key features

Factories, mechanisation, urbanisation, mass production

Mechanisation

Use of machines instead of human labour

Urbanisation

Movement of people from rural areas to cities

Mass production

Producing goods in large quantities using machines

Child labour

Exploitation of children in dangerous, low-paid work

Child labour definition

Harmful or hazardous work involving exploitation of children

Child labour conditions

Long hours, unsafe work, low wages

Impacts of Industrial Revolution

Industrial growth, urbanisation, improved transport, higher output

Australia WW1 reasons

Loyalty to Britain, defence of empire, patriotism, adventure, public support

WW1 trigger

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Heir to Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination triggered WW1

Gallipoli terrain

Steep cliffs, rocky ground, narrow beaches

Trench warfare conditions

Cramped trenches with constant danger and poor hygiene

Food and water issues

Severe shortages and unreliable supply

Weather conditions

Extreme heat, cold, rain, and frost

Casualties

High death and injury rates from constant fighting

Emotional stress

Fear, exhaustion, and trauma among soldiers

Treaty of Versailles

1919 treaty that ended WW1 and punished Germany

Reparations

Money Germany had to pay for war damage

Impact of reparations

Caused economic collapse and instability in Germany

Hyperinflation 1923

German money became almost worthless due to inflation

Link to WW2

WW1 consequences contributed to conditions leading to WW2