Exam 1 - Social and Personality Development

UIOWA FALL 2022

What are the 5 questions of Developmental Research

nature of child, developmental drive, child's role. developmental progress, and future/past

What is the nature of the child?

evil: child requires socialization. innately evil
Good: child will blossom. innately pure
Blank Slate: reflect individual history. reflect their socialization

What drives development?

nature and nurture

What is the child's role in development?

passive
active

How does development progress?

continuous
discontinuous

Continuous

cumulative effect. things happen gradually. child is the same person going through the developmental growth

discontinous

stages. development is much more dramatic. someting may happen at one stage but not the other. same child may completely transform by next stage

can we tell future from the past?

Yes, stable traits or significant experiences that carry forward. especially during the 1st year.
no, based on situation.

Psychoanalytic theorist

freud and erikson

learning theorist

watson, skinner, bandura

cognitive theorist

piaget

ecological theorist

bronfenbrenner, Belsky

how is data gathered?

reports like interviews or questionnaires
observational techniques
biological measures.

how developmental change is captured?

cross-sectional designs, longitudinal designs, or combination of both

how are studies designed?

correlational or experimental designs

Benefits of reports

quick, cheap, easy and standard

Neg of Reports

validity problem. people sometimes say one things and do another.. still are used successfully for research and clinical diagnosis

New clinical interviews are?

efficient and highly standardized.

what are narratives and an excample?

a hybrid between observations and clinical interviews. they help combat the negatives of clinical interviews because kids can enact their thoughts and feeling. Dominic Interview is a version of that.

Naturalistic Observation

where you can see real behaviors and provides rich data. Can suck when you're trying to see a specific behavior,

Structure observations

valid real behaviors observed in a standardized environment. it makes the behavior we want present by creating the situation that the behavior would arise from.

What is a problem with observations?

sometimes can be hard to have reliable coding but has been addressed via videotaping techniques.

What is the gold standard for research?

a multimethod approach that heavily favors observation and has biological measures and reports.

What is a cross-sectional design and its benefits/cost?

collect data of children from different age. its quick, cheap, but provides no data development of each child.

What is a longitudinal designs? benefits/cost

collects data from the same children repeatedly over time. provides data on the development of individual children and their trajectories over time. Cons are that it takes a long time and is very expensive.

correlational design

variables are not controlled or manipulated and random assignment is not used

experimental designs

variables are controlled and manipulated, random assignment is used.

What were two things that freud's psychoanalytic theory were not?

not based on empirical data and not based on experiments. he used his clinical work.

Freud's Theory was

a comprehensive model of personality development that focused on the unconscious

not an empirical theory based on large amount of data

not based on experiments

What were the two power biological driving force of personality for Freud?

eros (life) and thanatos (death)

Eros

means life. the positive life staining factors like eating, sex, bodily needs

Thanatos

death. destructive behavior like aggression

what is the role of socialization in personality for Freud?

to harness, control, and channel the basic biological instincts of eros and thanatos.

Because of a clash of biology and culture....

a complex personality system emerges in the course of development.

What are the 3 personalities?

id (basic) ego(median) superego(max)

what principle is Id?

pleasure principle: passion, instincts, emotions, wants. seeks immediate gratification; impulsive.

what principle is ego?

the reality principle: seeks realistic and acceptable ways to easily satisfy the Id. It delays, planned, and modify impulses.

what principle is super ego?

perfection principle: internal censor; conscience; ought not should not. judgement, internal standards.

What are the 3 principles for Freud in the personality system?

pleasure principle, reality principle, and perfection principle (PRP)

How many stages does Freud's psychosexual development have?

4

What are the 5 stages of the psychosexual development model? stage/age

oral stage/0-1
anal stage/1-3
phallic stage/3-6
latency stage/6-12
genital stage/12+

Oral stage

0-1 seek satisfaction

anal stage

1-3 first stage of conflict with parents because they want ti start controlling themselves. ex: bathroom habits.

phallic stage

3-6 where superego is created. Battle with sexual desire with parents and then realizes their place in the family.

Latency stage

6-12 child has conscious super ego.

genital stage

12+ sexuality and other sexcual feelings emerge

What happens if these needs aren't met at each stage?

lack of defense mechanism. what happens in these stages affect us later.

What are the 5 defense mechanisms?

repression, projection, denial, rationalization, regression, reaction formation, sublimation
all driven by unconscious force

what the point of defense mechanism

strategies the mind adopts actively to deal with anxiety, tension, threatening or unacceptable thoughts and emotions.

does the mind take an active or passive role in coping?

takes an active role in coping rather than just passively reflecting reality.

repression

removing threatening thought from awareness

projection

attributing unacceptable impluses to others

denial

refuse to reocognize a threatening situation or thought

rationalization

give reasonable explaination for an event

regression

return to a less mature behavior

sublimation

channeling unacceptable impulses to socially acceptable outlets.

reaction formation

express the very opposite of disturbing idea

Freud vs Erikson: Nature of child

Freud thought kids were innately evil while Erikson thought they were innately good

Freud vs Erikson: Driving Force of Development

Freud thought it was a clash between nature/culture while Erikson thought it was just nurture.

Freud vs Erikson: Child's role in development

Freud thought kids had a passive role while Erikson believed they had an active role.

Freud vs Erikson: Course of Development

Freud had 5 stages called the psychosexual stages while Erikson had 8 stages called the psychosocial crisis

Freud vs Erikson: Important agents

Freud believed parents were while Erikson believed in multiple agents of socialization

Freud vs Erikson: developmental scenario

Freud was 0 to adolescence while Erikson was our entire life span.

According to erikson, what did each crisis have?

- tied to a developmentally changing important life task.

- has potential for adaption/growth or maladaptive/failure.

- sets stages for future development.

- centers around significant events, social influences, agents

view completely consistent with contemporary developmental psychopathology

what are the 8 crisis for Erikson?

basic trust vs mistrust
autonomy vs shame and doubt
initiative vs guilt
industry vs inferiority
identity vs role confusion
intimacy vs isolation
generativity vs stagnation
ego integrity vs despair

Basic Trust vs Mistrust

age 0-1. learning to trust our parental figures

autonomy vs shame and doubt

1-3. whether or not we have to ask to do things

initiative vs guilt

3-6. try different things; different family roles. am i good or bad child?

industry vs inferiority

6-12. am i successful or inferior to my peers. concerned with roles outside of the home

identity vs role confusion

adolescence. who am i?

intimacy vs isolation

young adulthood. sharing my life with another person or stay alone. marriage or friendship

generativity vs stagnation

middle adulthood. how am i doing in all my toles? how do I feel about my roles?

ego integrity vs despair

old age. reflect on their lives. do I have any regrets. feeling useful still.

True or false. do freud and erikson believe that we can tell the future from the past?

true

what are the processes of learning and who did them?

repetition: watson
classical conditioning: watson
operant conditioning: skinner
observational learning: bandura

Watson Learning Model

radical behaviorism in the 20s; child is shaped by parent environment. repetition and classical conditioning.

Skinner Learning Model

50-60s. operant conditioning. positive and negative reinforcers

Bandura Learning Model

70s and current.. cognitive social learning. most important: observational learning (modeling and imitation) emphasis on cognitive learning.

what does bandura's cognitive social learning theory say about children and their learning?

children are active and thinking contributors to their own learning. they choose to whcu models to attend and what to imitate

bandura cognitive social learning theory: how are new behaviors acquired?

watching and imitating models is much more efficient than classical and operant condition. Vicarious reinforcement is important. He believes that classical and operant condition do take place but they aren't as effective as vicarious reinforcement.

vicarious reinforcement

child does not need personally to experience the reinforcement. its enough to see consequences of acts for the model.

Bandura believes that children can learn..

children can learn without ever having performed an act, simply by watching models

imporant reinforcements for Banduras cognitive social learning theory

self generated good feelings. mostly feelings of self efficacy.

Learning Models: what is the nature of the child

watson and skinner: blank slate
bandura: blank slate but equipped with the capacity to pay attention, think and actively process info

learning models: what drives development

nurture. learning experiences

learning models: what is the childs role in development

watson and skinner: passive recipient
bandura: active agent

learning models: how does development progress?

gradually, continuous

learning models: can we tell the future from the past?

no, new experiences can effectively erase past experiences. strong habits, if unchanged, may persist.

Jean Piaget Cognitive Development Approach

not affect or behavior. focuses on cognitive. Believes the answer to psychology is knowing what goes on in a babies mind. uses observation. interviews with children, and clinical methods.

process of development for cognitive development approach

child is constantly challenge when old ways of thinking no longer work. cognitive disequilibrium is a powerful mechanism of development as the child actively struggles to achieve balance between the way his mind works and reality.

course of development for jean cognitive development approach

development progresses through an invariant series of stages. each stage is a great improvement over the previous one but also subject to new limitation; except in the final stage.

Schemata

intellectual structures we create to represent, organize and interpret experiences. we have different schemata at different stages

what are the 4 stages of development

sensorimotor
preoperational stage
concrete operational stage
formal operational stage

schemata at sensorimotor stage

reality is written in acts and sensation

schemata at preoperational stage

symbolic. can imagine things not immediately sensed or touch but images are static.

schemata at operational stage

images become flexible and reversible

adaptation is?

the essence of development. divided into two categories. Assimilation and accommodation

assimilation

assimilate the world to me

accommodation

accommodate me to the world.

sensorimotor

0-2. thoughts confined to action schemes. slabe of here and now. emergence of object permanence at 1 year.