Science Test

Zacharias Janssen

Scientist that invented the first microscope.

Robert Hooke

Scientist that looked at cork under a microscope and coined the term 'cell'.

Theodor Schwann

Scientist that determined all animals are made of cells.

Matthias Schleiden

Scientist that determined all plants are made of cells.

Robert Remak (Rudolf Virchow initial credit)

Scientist that determined all cells came from pre-existing cells.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Scientist that discovered 'animalcules', protists, bacteria, and muscle fibers.

Cell Theory #1

All living things are made of cells.

Cell Theory #2

Cells are the basic structural and functional or organizational units of life.

Cell Theory #3

All cells came from pre-existing cells.

Ribosomes

The part of the cell that makes protein.

Eukaryote

Type of cell that has a true nucleus.

Prokaryote

Type of cell that lacks a nucleus.

Mitochondria

The part of the cell that produces ATP (energy) for the cell to use; site of cellular respiration.

Vacuole

The part of the cell that stores nutrients and water.

Golgi apparatus (body)

The part of the cell that sorts, packages, and ships cell products.

Plant cell

Chloroplasts, a cell wall, and one large vacuole are found in this type of cell.

Centrioles

Part of the cell involved in cell division and is only found in animal cells.

Rough ER

Type of ER involved in protein synthesis and has ribosomes attached to it.

Smooth ER

Type of ER that contains enzymes used in making membrane lipids and detoxifying drugs.

Cell membrane

Part of the cell that determines what can enter or exit the cell.

Chloroplast

Part of the plant cell that is the site of photosynthesis.

Nucleolus

Part of the cell that is found inside the nucleus and is involved in ribosome assembly.

Nucleus

Part of the cell that contains the DNA and controls almost all of the cell's functions.

Lysosome

Part of the cell that contains digestive enzymes used to break down large molecules.

Prokaryote

Type of cell that has a capsule, a cell wall, and free floating genetic material (nucleoid).

Eukaryote

Type of cell that contains specialized organelles.

Cytoplasm

Clear, watery, jelly-like substance that contains the cell's organelles.

Cell wall

Structure that provides support and protection for plant cells and lies outside the cell membrane.

Cytoskeleton

A network of protein filaments providing cells with structural support, mobility, 'highways' for molecular movement, and cell division.

Flagellum, cilia, pseudopod

Structures used for cell movement.

Diffusion

Particles in a solution tend to move from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of LOW concentration.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water.

Equilibrium

When the concentration of solutes is the same on each side of the cell.

Semi-permeable OR selectively permeable membranes

Barriers that allow some things to pass through, but not all things.

Facilitated diffusion

A type of diffusion that uses transport proteins in the cell membrane to help move large molecules into/out of cells.

FALSE

Passive transport (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion), requires energy in order to occur.

TRUE

Active transport (endocytosis, exocytosis), requires energy in order to occur.

Endocytosis

The process of moving molecules INTO the cell.

Exocytosis

The process of releasing molecules OUT of the cell.

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis that involves extensions of the cytoplasm reaching out to surround a molecule and bring it into the cell.

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis that involves forming pockets in the cell membrane to suck liquids and other particles into the cell.

Isotonic

Solution in which the solute concentrations are the same inside the cell as they are outside of the cell.

Hypertonic

Solution in which water leaves the cell because the concentration of solutes outside of the cell is greater than it is inside of the cell.

Hypotonic

Solution in which water enters the cell because the concentration of solutes outside of the cell is less than it is inside of the cell.

Active Transport

A type of cell transport that requires energy to move molecules against the concentration gradient (from low to high concentration).

Interphase

Part of the cell cycle where the cell will perform its function; includes the stages G1, S, and G2.

Mitosis

Part of the cell cycle where the cell's genetic material divides.

Cytokinesis

Part of the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides forming 2 identical daughter cells.

G1

Part of Interphase when the cell grows BEFORE the DNA is copied.

S-phase

Part of Interphase when the DNA is copied (new copy is synthesized).

G2

Part of Interphase when the cell grows AFTER the DNA is copied.

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

What are the 4 phases of Mitosis in order?

Prophase

1st stage of mitosis; the nuclear envelope disappears and chromosomes condense.

Metaphase

2nd stage of mitosis; sister chromatids line-up down the cell equator (in the middle).

Anaphase

3rd stage of mitosis; sister chromatids are pulled apart to different poles of the cell.

Telophase

4th stage of mitosis; the nuclear envelope reforms, chromosome decondense (uncoil) and the cell begins to divide.

Centrioles

Part of the cell that aids in cell division.

Chromosomes

DNA/protein structure in its condensed form.

Sister Chromatids

A chromosome and its copy (makes an 'X' shape).

Spindle fibers

String-like structures coming from the centrioles that attach to the chromosomes to pull them apart.

Cleavage furrow

Site where the cell pinches in during Telophase.

Cell plate

First seen in plant cells during Telophase, part of the cell that becomes a new cell wall.

Centromere

Site on a chromosome where the sister chromatids are connected and the spindle fibers attach.

Chromatin

Decondensed or uncoiled DNA and protein structure.

cancer

Uncontrolled division of cells.

carcinogens

Mutagens (substances that cause mutations) that specifically cause cancer.

tumor

An abnormal growth of cells.

benign tumor

Tumor that stays in one spot.

malignant tumor

Tumor that spreads to other spots in the body.

angiogenesis

The production of new blood vessels at the site of a tumor.

metastasis

The transport of cancer cells to new parts of the body.

radiation

Cancer therapy that utilizes x-rays and radioactive solutions to stop cell division.

chemotherapy

Cancer therapy that utilizes drugs and chemicals to stop cell division.

carcinoma

Cancer of the body's or an organ's linings (outer edges).

sarcoma

Cancer of the body's support structures (bone, cartilage, etc.).

leukemia

Cancer of the blood and bone marrow.

lymphoma

Cancer of the lymph nodes and cells.

melanoma

Cancer of the pigments in your skin.

checkpoints

Cancer cells bypass these that would otherwise stop the cell division of abnormal cells.

apoptosis

Normally, damaged cells that are irreparable trigger this or cell suicide.

immortal

Cancer cells are considered this meaning they don't die.

density-dependent inhibition of growth

Unlike normal cells, cancer cells do NOT show this.