Science Test

Scientist that invented the first microscope Zacharias Janssen

Scientist that looked at cork under a microscope and coined the term "cell" Robert Hooke

Scientist that determined all animals are made of cells Theodor Schwann

Scientist that determined all plants are made of cells Matthias Schleiden

Scientist that determined all cells came from pre-existing cells Robert Remak (Rudolf Virchow initial credit)

Scientist that discovered "animalcules", protists, bacteria, and muscle fibers Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Cell Theory #1: All living things are made of __________ cells

Cell Theory #2: Cells are the basic _____________ and ____________ units of life structural; functional or organizational

Cell Theory #3: All cells came from ___-___________ cells pre-existing

The part of the cell that makes protein. Ribosomes

Type of cell that has a true nucleus. Eukaryote

Type of cell that lacks a nucleus. Prokaryote

The part of the cell that produces ATP(energy) for the cell to use. Site of cellular respiration. Mitochondria

The part of the cell that stores nutrients and water. Vacuole

The part of the cell that sorts, packages, and ships cell products. Golgi apparatus (body)

Chloroplasts, a cell wall, and one large vacuole are in which type of cell? Plant

Part of the cell involved in cell division and is only found in animal cells. Centrioles

Type of ER involved in protein synthesis and has ribosomes attached to it. It is also used for transporting molecules throughout the cell. Rough ER

Type of ER that contains enzymes used in making membrane lipids and detoxifying drugs. Smooth ER

Part of the cell that determines what can enter or exit the cell. Cell membrane

Part of the plant cell that is the site of photosynthesis. Chloroplast

Part of the cell that is found inside the nucleus and is involved in ribosome assembly. Nucleolus

Part of the cell that contains the DNA and controls almost all of the cell's functions. Nucleus

Part of the cell that contains digestive enzymes used to break down large molecules. Lysosome

Type of cell that has a capsule, a cell well, and free floating genetic material (nucleiod). Prokaryote

Type of cell that contains specialized organelles. Eukaryote

Clear, watery, jelly-like substance that contains the cell's organelles. Cytoplasm

Structure that provides support and protection for plant cells and lies outside the cell membrane. Cell wall

A network of protein filaments providing cells with structural support, mobility, “highways” for molecular movement, and cell division. Cytoskeleton

Structures used for cell movement. Flagellum (whip-like tail), cilia (hair-like), pseudopod (false foot)

Particles in a solution tend to move from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of LOW concentration. Diffusion

The diffusion of water. Osmosis

When the concentration of solutes is the same on each side of the cell, the cell has reached a state of ____________________. Equilibrium

Barriers that allow some things to pass through, but not all things. Semi-permeable OR selectively permeable membranes

A type of diffusion that uses transport proteins in the cell membrane to help move large molecules into/out of cells. Facilitated diffusion

TRUE or FALSE: Passive transport (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion), requires energy in order to occur. FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Active transport (endocytosis, exocytosis), requires energy in order to occur. TRUE

The process of moving molecules INTO the cell. Endocytosis

The process of releasing molecules OUT of the cell. Exocytosis

A type of endocytosis that involves extensions of the cytoplasm reaching out to surround a molecule and bring it into the cell. Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis that involves forming pockets in the cell membrane to suck liquids and other particles into the cell. Pinocytosis

Solution in which the solute concentrations are the same inside the cell as they are outside of the cell. Isotonic

Solution in which water leaves the cell because the concentration of solutes outside of the cell is greater than it is inside of the cell. Hypertonic

Solution in which water enters the cell because the concentration of solutes outside of the cell is less than it is inside of the cell. Hypotonic

A type of cell transport that requires energy to move molecules against the concentration gradient (from low to high concentration). Active Transport

Part of the cell cycle where the cell will perform its function. It includes the stages G1, S, and G2. Interphase

Part of the cell cycle where the cell's genetic material divides. Mitosis

Part of the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides forming 2 identical daughter cells. Cytokinesis

Part of Interphase when the cell grows BEFORE the DNA is copied. G1

Part of Interphase when the DNA is copied (new copy is Synthesized). S-phase

Part of Interphase when the cell grows AFTER the DNA is copied. G2

What are the 4 phases of Mitosis in order? Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

1st stage of mitosis; the nuclear envelope disappears and chromosomes condense. Prophase

2nd stage of mitosis; sister chromatids line-up down the cell equator (in the middle). Metaphase

3rd stage of mitosis; sister chromatids are pulled apart to different poles of the cell. Anaphase

4th stage of mitosis; the nuclear envelope reforms, chromosome decondense (uncoil) and the cell begins to divide. Telophase

Part of the cell that aids in cell division. Centrioles

DNA/protein structure in its condensed form. Chromosomes

A chromosome and its copy (makes an "X" shape). Sister Chromatids

String-like structures coming from the centrioles that attach to the chromosomes to pull them apart. Spindle fibers

Site where the cell pinches in during Telophase. Cleavage furrow

First seen in plant cells during Telophase, part of the cell that becomes a new cell wall. Cell plate

Site on a chromosome where the sister chromatids are connected and the spindle fibers attach. Centromere

Decondensed or uncoiled DNA and protein structure. Chromatin

Uncontrolled division of cells. cancer

Mutagens (substances that cause mutations) that specifically cause cancer. carcinogens

An abnormal growth of cells. tumor

Tumor that stays in one spot. benign tumor

Tumor that spreads to other spots in the body. malignant tumor

The production of new blood vessels at the site of a tumor. angiogenesis

The transport of cancer cells to new parts of the body. metastasis

Cancer therapy that utilizes x-rays and radioactive solutions to stop cell division. radiation

Cancer therapy that utilizes drugs and chemicals to stop cell division. chemotherapy

Cancer of the body's or an organ's linings (outer egdes). carcinoma

Cancer of body's support structures (bone, cartilage, etc.) sarcoma

Cancer of the blood and bone marrow. leukemia

Cancer of the lymph nodes and cells. lymphoma

Cancer of the pigments in your skin. melanoma

Cancer cells bypass _______________ that would otherwise stop the cell division of abnormal cells. checkpoints

Normally, damaged cells that are irreparable trigger _________________ or cell suicide. apoptosis

Cancer cells are considered _________________ meaning they don't die (Henrietta Lacks' cancer cells are still replicating in the lab). immortal

Unlike normal cells, cancer cells do NOT show _________________ meaning that they continuously replicate regardless of how many cells are around them. density-dependent inhibition of growth