Nutrition Exam 3: Entire Exam Review

What are the two categories of Minerals? Which include anions and which include cations?

Metals = Cations (+)

Nonmetals = Anions (-)

T/F: A lot of times, nonmetal anions are found bound to proteins, called metalloproteins, and if those proteins are enzymes, they are called metalloenzymes.

FALSE

Metal cations bound

(Metalloproteins & Metalloenzymes)

What are the 6 Major Minerals?

Calcium (Ca)

Phosphorus (P)

Magnesium (Mg)

Sodium (Na)

Chloride (Cl)

Potassium (K)

What are the 4 functions of Calcium?

1) Cofactor

2) Clotting

3) Bone (nearly all found in bone)

4) Muscles

Calcium is a cofactor for what three things?

1) MMPs

2) Insulin release

3) Lipid digestion

What is the major source of Calcium?

Dairy products (& fortified milks)

What two ways can calcium be absorbed?

Active transport

Paracellular (between enterocytes)

What are the two carrier proteins involved with Calcium active transport? Which is used across brush border membrane? Which is used inside the enterocyte to transport form the brush boarder membrane to the basolateral membrane?

CaT1 --> across brush border

Calbindin 9k --> from brush border to basolateral

T/F: CaT1 requires both Vit D and estradiol, while Calbindin 9k only requires Vit D

TRUE

What is the RDA for Calcium?

Women <50 = 1000

Women >50 = 1200

Men <70 = 1000

Men >70 = 1200

What is Calcium deficiency called? What are the 3 major symptoms?

Hypocalcemia

1) Tetany (spontaneous repetitive discharge)

2) Trousseau sign

3) Long-term Osteoporosis

Does Calcium have a toxicity level? If so what are the symptoms?

Hypercalcemia

Risk for kidney stones (calcification of soft tissue)

What are the 4 functions of phosphorus?

1) Bone

2) Signaling (cAMP)

3) Part of phospholipids

4) Energy metabolism as ATP

What is the major source of Phosphorus?

Animal products

What is phosphorus deficiency called? What is its major symptom?

Hypophosphatemia

Weakness due to lack of ATP

Does phosphorus have a toxicity level? If so what are the symptoms?

Hyperphosphatemia

Competes w/ Ca absorption so leads to Hypocalcemia & Tetany

What mineral is Magnesium a binding partner with?

Calcium (Ca)

Mg & Ca (since both have +2 charge)

What are the 6 functions of Magnesium?

1) Cell replication

2) PTH release

3) Protein synthesis (enterocytes & muscle)

4) Stabilize negative charge on ATP

5) Found in high concentrations in bone

6) Ca2+ channel blocker

What is the major source of Magnesium?

Nuts & seeds (ex: almonds, sunflower seeds, cashews)

Deficiency with Magnesium can lead to what 2 symptoms? Why?

1) Hypocalcemia & tetany

-- PTH is required for Vit D synthesis, and w/o PTH and Vit D, no carrier proteins for Ca

2) Leaky gut (increased intestinal permeability)

Does Magnesium have a toxicity level? If so what are the symptoms?

ONLY from supplements (not diet)

Diarrhea & slurred speech

Magnesium is used to slow down muscle contraction or contractions during early labor/pregnancy, but why can it only be used for up to 1 week?

Too much of the Magnesium can impair bone mineral growth

What are the 2 major functions of Sodium?

1) Fluid balance (along w/ K & Cl)

2) Nerves & muscles

Where is sodium mostly found?

Bone

What are the major sources of Sodium?

1) NaCl

2) Salty 6

What are the Salty 6?

1) Bread/rolls

2) Cold cuts/cured meat

3) Sandwiches/burgers

4) Pizza

5) Canned soup

6) Tacos/Burritos

What is Sodium deficiency called? What is the major symptom?

Hyponatremia

Seizures

What can cause Sodium deficiency?

Excessive sweating or severe head trauma

Does Sodium have a toxicity level? If so what are the symptoms?

Hypernatremia

1) HTN

2) Increased Ca excretion through kidneys causing Hypocalcemia & Tetany

What are the 2 functions of Chloride?

1) Fluid balance (w/ K & Na)

2) HCl

What are the sources of Chloride?

SAME AS SODIUM

NaCl & Salty 6

What are the main symptoms of a Chloride deficiency?

Convulsions

Does Chloride have a toxicity level? If so what are the symptoms?

NO TOXICITY LEVEL

What is the balance partner of Potassium?

Sodium

P & Na (both +1 charge)

What are the 3 functions of Potassium?

1) Fluid balance (w/ Na & Cl)

2) Nerve & Muscles

3) Insulin release

What are the major sources of Potassium?

1) Squash/sweet potatoes

2) avacado

3) banana

What is Potassium deficiency called? What are its 2 major symptoms?

Hypokalemia

1) Cardiac arrhythmias

2) K protective of ca excretion, so if low can lead to Hypocalcemia

Does Potassium have a toxicity level? If so what are the symptoms?

Hyperkalemia

(SUPPLEMENTS only)

Cardiac arrhythmias & death

NOTE: SAME SYMPTOMS AS DEFICIENCY

What is the major cation in extracellular fluid?

Sodium

What is the major anion in extracellular fluid?

Chloride

What is the major cation in intracellular fluid?

Potassium

SUMMARY: Relationship of Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sodium, and Potassium with Calcium.

Phosphorus -- Increased P will decrease Ca absorption (compete for binding)

Magnesium -- decrease Mg decreases Ca absorption (hypocalcemia) due to decreased PTH; increased Mg will decrease Ca (due to decreased PTH & competition for absorption)

Sodium -- Increased excretion of Ca (decreasing Ca)

Potassium -- increased K will protect Ca from excretion, increasing Ca

NOTE: Want Na/K ratio to be <1 (want K larger than Na)

What are the 9 Trace Minerals?

1) Copper (Cu)

2) Iron (Fe)

3) Chromium (Cr)

4) Manganese (Mn)

5) Molybdenum (Mo)

6) Zinc (Zn)

7) Fluoride (F)

8) Iodine (I)

9) Selenium (Se)

What are the 3 major functions of copper?

1) Iron transport (ceruloplasmin)

2) Collagen cross-linking (lysyl oxidase)

3) SOD 1 & 3 (Zn & Cu)

What is the glycoprotein that attaches to ferroprotein in the basolateral membrane of the enterocyte and all membranes?

Ceruloplasmin (Cu)

Which Cu involved SOD is extracellular, and which is in the cytosol?

SOD 1 = Cytosol

SOD 3 = Extracellular

What are the 2 major sources of Copper?

Liver & Oysters

What is the major symptoms of Copper deficiency?

Depigmentation

What is the copper genetic condition that involves inadequate absorption and increased secretion of copper, leading to a deficiency?

Menkes

Does Copper have a toxicity level? If so what are the symptoms?

Yes -

Liver damage

What is the genetic condition where copper has impaired excretion rates, so we can't get rid of it fast enough, causing accumulation? What is the first sign of this condition, with copper deposition rings around the eyes?

Wilson's

Kazer-fleischer rings

What are the 3 major functions of Iron?

1) Oxygen transport (Hb)

2) Catalase (ROX enzyme)

3) Cytochrome (ETC, cyt P450)

Catalase is a ROX enzyme that requires Iron and gets rid of _________, which is produced from superoxide dismutase and turned into nontoxic water and oxygen?

H2O2

Cytochromes are Fe structures that are involved in the activation of what Vitamin?

Vitamin D

What is the RDA for Iron?

Women (18) > Men (8)

Once women go through menopause, then 8 = 8

Vegetarians RDA is 1.8x higher

What are the two types of Iron? What are their sources?

Heme Fe = animal products (liver, red meats)

Non-heme Fe = Enriched gains & legumes

Which form of Iron has the most bioavailability?

Heme Fe

Heme Iron is absorbed by what carrier protein? Once inside the enterocyte, what enzyme is used to pluck the iron with the 2+ charge?

hpc1 (heme-carrier protein 1)

Heme oxygenase

Non-heme iron is absorbed by what carrier protein? Non-heme iron needs to be digested before absorption, requiring what enzyme found in the brush-border of the intestines? What coenzyme does this brush-boarder enzyme require?

DMT1 (divalent mineral trasnporter 1)

Ferrioreductase

Vitamin C

T/F: Heme iron is the form found in supplements and that is why it is more bioavailable and must be taken without a meal otherwise absorption rates go down tremendously.

FALSE

Non-heme iron is found in supplements

(needs little Vit C to adi in absorption, and taken w/o meal to prevent decrease in absorption rates)

T/F: Binding proteins are needed for Iron since it can be super toxic and lead to organ damage

TRUE

What is the storage protein in the SI enterocyte for Iron storage? What are the 3 major areas in which Iron is stored?

Ferritin

Liver, Spleen, Bone marrow

What is the binding protein for Iron across the basolateral membrane? What other protein is this regulated by?

Ferroportin

Regulated by Hepcidin

What Iron binding protein helps oxidize iron to get it out of the enterocyte? What other mineral is this related to?

Ceruloplasmin (Cu)

What is the transport protein of Iron in the plasma?

Transferrin

What are the 2 major symptoms of an Iron deficiency, with or without anemia?

If anemia: Small, pale blood cells; Microcytic anemia

Generally Both:

Pallor & Fatigue

Does Iron have a toxicity level? If so what are the symptoms?

Yes

Organ damage

What is the major function of Chromium?

insulin release & secretion

Most important mineral for insulin release NBQ

What are the 2 major sources of Chromium?

Meat & Oysters

What are the 2 major symptoms of a Chromium deficiency?

1) Severe weight loss

2) Elevated plasma glucose & FFA (since lack of insulin functioning, switching to B-ox)

Does Chromium have a toxicity level? If so what are the symptoms?

NO Toxicity level

What are the 2 major functions of Manganese?

1) Wound healing

2) Cofactor for SOD2 (superoxide to H2O2)

Where is SOD2 for Manganese located?

Mitochondria

(Manganese and Mitochondria)

What are the 3 major sources of Manganese?

1) Whole gains

2) Shellfish

3) Legumes

What is the major sign of a Manganese deficiency?

Slow growth

Does Manganese have a toxicity level? If so what are the symptoms?

Yes

Tremors & Memory Loss

What is the major function of Molybdenum?

Xanthium oxidase

What are the 2 major sources of Molybdenum?

Legumes & whole grains

(Plants)

What is the major symptoms of a Molybdenum deficiency?

Neurological disruptions

Does Molybdenum have a Toxicity level? If so what are the symptoms?

Yes

Gout

What are the 9 major functions of Zinc?

1) Cofactor SOD1 & 3 (w/ Cu)

2) Bone (alkyl phosphatase)

3) Protein digestion & synthesis

4) Nerves

5) Digest folate (enzyme requires Zn)

6) Immune system

7) RNA/DNA replication, transcription, translation

8) Gene expression (Zn fingers)

9) Vitamin A

What are the two reasons that Zinc is important for Vitamin A?

1) Synthesis of RBP (get Vit A out of liver)

2) Cofactor for alcohol dehydrogenase (oxidizes retinol --> retinal --> retinoic acid)

What are the 2 major sources of Zinc?

Oysters & Meat

What two minerals have a higher RDA level for vegetarians? What are the levels?

Zinc (1.5x)

Iron (1.8x)

What is the major symptom of a Zinc deficiency?

Hypogeusia (Lack of taste)

What is the genetic condition that results in a Zinc deficiency with terrible lesions that can lead to infection & sepsis?

Acrodermatitis enteropathica

Does Zinc have a Toxicity level? If so what are the symptoms?

Yes

1) Metallic taste in mouth

2) Lead to Cu deficiency

What is the main storage protein for Zinc, stored bound to cysteines in a bunch of different proteins?

Metallothionein

What is the major function of Fluoride?

Prevent dental caries (cavities)

What are the 3 major sources of Fluoride?

Water

Tea

Toothpaste

What is the major symptoms of Fluoride deficiency?

Dental caries (cavities)

Does Fluoride have a Toxicity level? If so what are the symptoms?

Flurosis

1) Pitting of bones (not strong)

2) Rotelling teeth (modeling/discoloration of teeth)

What is the major function of Iodine?

thyroid hormones (T3/4)

What are the 3 major sources of Iodine?

Iodized salts

Dairy products

Seafood

With iodine, you should limit foods with _________, a protein that can bind iodine and not allow absorption, such as in rhubarb, chocolate, strawberries?

Goitrogens

What is the major symptoms of an Iodine deficiency?

Goiter (hyperplasia of thyroid gland)

What is the #1 cause of retardation and is from an Iodine deficiency during pregnancy for the fetus?

Cretinism

Does Iodine have a Toxicity level? If so what are the symptoms?

1) From hyperthyroid to hypothyroid

2) During pregnancy can burn out thyroid of developing fetus

What are the 2 major functions of Selenium?

1) Glutathione peroxidase (GPx; ROX, H2O2 to water)

2) Convert T4 --> T3

What are the 3 major sources of Selenium?

Brazil nuts

Whole grains

Seafood