psych final

What are internal (dispositional) and external (situational) attributions?

inference that a person’s behavior is caused by something about the person

inference that a persons behavior is caused by something about the situation

What is the fundamental attribution error?

tendency to make internal attributions for others’ behavior, even when situational causes are apparent

What was Jones and Harris’s (1967) study in which participants read essays supporting or opposing Fidel Castro?

• participants read student essays supporting or opposing castro

• told students either did not did not have a choice of which position to take

• participants asked abt students’ viewpoint

What is the actor-observer effect?

tendency to attribute our own mistakes mainly to situational causes, but the mistakes of others mainly to dispositional causes

what is the self-serving attribution

tendency to attribute one’s positive outcomes to internal causes but negative outcomes to external causes

how can social roles affect behavior

behavior that is expected of a person who is in a specific social position

what was zimbardo’s stanford prison experiment

participants randomly assigned to either prisoner or prison guard

what is cognitive dissonance

unpleasant psychological state that results from inconsistencies between one’s attitudes and behavior

what are the factors involved in cognitive dissonance

Counterattitudinal behavior - behavior that is inconsistent w persons attitudes

with insufficient justification - when ppl perform a counterattitudinal behavior with inadequate reason, they may develop more positive attitudes toward that behavior

choice -

effort

What was Festinger and Carlsmith’s (1959) study on cognitive dissonance ($1 vs. $20)?

subjects paid either $1 or $20 to do boring task and tell next subject that it was fun

• did they change their attitudes

• who enjoyed the task more

what are normative and informational social influence

social influence based on the desire to be liked or accepted

social influence based on the desire to be correct

What was Asch’s study of conformity? What type of social influence did it demonstrate?

participants asked to judge which comparison line best matched the standard line

• confederates unanimously chose incorrect line —> 75% participants chose incorrect line at least once

• important factor: presence of an ally

  • unanimity of social group → important to conformity

What was Milgram’s study of obedience? About what proportion of participants continued “shocking” the “learner” after he stopped responding?

what is social loafing

what is deindividuation

what is group polarization

what is groupthink

what are prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination

what are explicit and implicit prejudice

what is the implicit association test

what is the just-world phenomenon? how does it explain prejudice

what is realistic conflict theory? how does it explain prejudice

what was sherif’s robber’s cave experiment

how does social identity theory explain prejudice

what is in-group bias

What are minimal groups? What was the minimal group experiment (Tajfel, 1971)?

how does categorization explain stereotyping

how does the confirmation bias explain stereotyping

what is the contact hypothesis? is it supported

What is cooperative interdependence?

How did Sherif reduce prejudice in the Robber’s Cave study?

What is a jigsaw classroom?

What is the drive theory of aggression?

What is catharsis? Does it reduce aggression?

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

How do similarity and proximity predict liking?

What is the mere exposure effect? How has this been demonstrated in studies (e.g., students shown pictures of faces)?

What is the bystander effect? Why does this occur?

Diffusion of responsibility

Pluralistic ignorance

Evaluation apprehension

What is the psychoanalytic perspective of personality? What 2 factors did Freud emphasize in the development of personality?

What is the unconscious?

What are the id, ego, and superego?

What are Freud’s first 3 psychosexual stages?

1. Oral

2. Anal

   1. What are oral and anal fixations?

3. Phallic

   1. What is the Oedipus complex?

What are Freud’s defense mechanisms?

Repression

Projection

Rationalization

Displacement

Denial

What is psychological determinism? What are Freudian slips?

What are projective tests?

What is the Rorschach?

What is the humanistic perspective of personality?

What are Rogers’s concepts of empathy and unconditional positive regard?

What are the Big Five traits?

What is the DSM?

What is labeling theory? What was Rosenhan’s study?

What are anxiety disorders?

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

What is panic disorder? What are panic attacks?

what are phobias?

what is social anxiety disorder?

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder? What are obsessions and compulsions?

what is major depressive disorder

what is bipolar disorder

what is mania

what is schizophrenia

what does it mean to have psychotic symptoms

what are delusions and hallucinations

what is disorganized speech

what is word salad

what are catatonic symptoms

what are positive and negative symptoms

what is dissociative identity disorder

what are personality disorders

what is borderline personality disorder

what is narcissistic personality disorder

what is psychoanalytic therapy

what is dream interpretation

what is free association

What is humanistic therapy? What are important qualities of Rogers’s person-centered therapy (e.g., unconditional positive regard)?

what is behavioral therapy

what are classical conditioning and operant conditioning methods

What is exposure therapy?

What is flooding?

What is systematic desensitization?

What is a token economy?

what is cognitive therapy

what is cognitive-behavioral therapy

is psychotherapy effective