Lecture 13: respiratory system

bronchi

largest conducting tubes

bronchioles

tubes less than 1 mm

respiratory bronchioles

distal to terminal bronchiole with alveoli projecting from walls

alveoli

O2 and CO2 exchange (types I pneumocytes) have cells that produce surfactant (type II pneumocytes)

ventilation

movement of air into and out of lungs

inspiration

caused by action of diaphragm (descends) and intercostal muscles (expand)

pleura

thin membrane covering lungs (visceral pleura) and internal surface of the chest wall (parietal pleura)

pleural cavity

potential space between lungs and chest wall

pneumothorax

escape of air into pleural space due to lung injury or disease

tension pneumothorax

positive pressure develops in pleural cavity

atelectasis

collapse of lung

pneumonia

inflammation of the lung

severe acute respiratory syndrome

highly communicable pulmonary infection

pneumocystis pneumonia

thick mucous/sputum too thick to expel creates non-productive cough, dyspnea, pulmonary consolidation

usual interstitial pneumonia

characterized by injury to connective tissue causing fibrosis, marked by patchy collagen distribution, scarring, and fibroblast proliferation

tuberculosis

infection from acid-fast bacterium, mycobacterium tuberculosis

acute bronchitis

inflammation of the tracheobronchila mucosa

chronic bronchitis

from chronic irritation of respiratory mucosa by smoking or atmospheric pollution

bronchiectasis

walls thickened and weakened by chronic inflammation become saclike and fusiform

bronchoscope

visualize airways for signs of damage or abnormalities, inflammation

bronchogram

air filled bronchi become visible by filling of alveolar space

pulmonary emphysema

destruction of fine alveolar structure of lungs with formation of large cystic spaces

antitrypsin

alpha1 globulin prevents lung damage from lysosomal enzymes— produced by liver, monocytes

bronchial asthma

spasmodic contraction of smooth wall muscles of bronchi and bronchioles and increased bronchial mucous secretions in response to stimuli

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

progressive respiratory distress soon after birth

adult respiratory distress syndrome

caused by damage to alveolar membrane and fluid leaking in

pulmonary fibrosis

fibrous thickening of alveolar septa from irritant gases, organic and inorganic particles, inflammation, repair post ARDS

pneumoconiosis

lung inure from inhalation of injurious dust or other particulate material

lung carcinoma

usually cooking related neoplasm