Vertebrate Anatomy Exam 1 Questions

Exam questions and answers

What phylum do vertebrates belong to?

chordata

What is the general term for the body cavity of vertebrates that houses all of the viscera? (tube-within-a-tube body plan)

ceolom

What type of plane divides the body into equal right and left handed positions?

midsaggital plane

What is the term for the rigid, cartilaginous rod that defines the long axis of the developing vertebrate body?

notochord

What is the term for the first pharyngeal arch in jawed vertebrates?

mandibular arch

What does the term “metamerism” refer to?

serial repetition of body parts

What is the term for the glandular groove on the floor of the developing pharnyx?

endostyle

which class of tissue is electrical in nature and has the ability to send and receive information?

nervous tissue

What is the class of tissue that is composed of tightly packed cells that are anchored together by a variety of intercellular junctions?

epithelial tissue

What is the class of tissue that rests on a basement membrane?

epithelial tissue

what is the class of tissue that is defined by its extracellular component AND by the cells that make it up?

connective tissue

what class of tissue is contractile in nature?

muscle tissue

What is the term for epithelial cells that appear wider than they are tall?

squamous

What is the term for the simple squamous epithelium that lines the inner part of blood vessels and the heart?

endothelium

What is the term for an epithelium that is made up of more than one layer of cells, and they’re roughly equal in height and width?

stratified cuboidal

which class of glands secrete hormones?

endocrine

Which type of connective tissue is a dense connective tissue characterized by a high population of collagen fibers running in the same direction?

dense regular connective tissue

which type of connective tissue is a loose connective tissue that supports epithelial tissues throughout the body?

areolar connective tissue

What is the type of connective tissue that makes up tendons and ligaments?

dense regular connective tissue

Which of the following is an example of a special connective tissue?

blood

which type of muscle tissue has a prominent cytoskeleton making it striated in appearance?

both skeletal and cardiac muscle

which class of muscle tissue is involuntary, nonstriated, and uninucleated?

smooth muscle

Which class of muscle tissue is found in the various visceral organs (i.e. stomach)?

smooth muscle

What is the class of tissue that will contain neurons and neuroglia?

nervous tissue

which layer of the integument is NOT part of the skin?

hypodermis

Which layer of the integument produces the various integumentary glands?

epidermis

What is the most superficial layer of the integument?

epidermis

What layer of the integument is derived from ectoderm?

epidermis

What type of epithelium makes up the dermis?

stratified squamous epithelium

What is the epidermal protein found in amniotes which helps to reduce desiccation?

keratin

which form of glandular secretion can be described as the cell releasing its products through normal exocytosis?

merocrine

what is the term for the unicellular mucus glands of fishes?

goblet cells

What description best describes the integumentary glands of amphibians?

typically multicellular

what is the term for a gland with numerous branching ducts?

compound

what criterion was used to name the granular glands of fishes?

appearance of the vesicles

what is the oil secreting gland of mammals?

sebaceous glands

what is the term for the avian oil gland?

uropygial gland

what is the term for invagination of the dermis, which will have an inductive effect on events such as hair growth?

dermal papillae

what is the type of scale that is only found in amniotes?

epidermal scale

what is the term for the most superficial layer of the claw, hoof, or nail?

unguis

what is the term for the portion of the feather shaft that supports the vanes?

rachis

What is the term for the smooth muscle associated with a feather?

arrector plumarum

Which type of gland is typically found in association with hair follicles?

sebaceous gland

What is the term for the exposed portion of a hair (i.e. the portion above the skin)?

shaft

Which type of horns have a keratinized outer sheath, a central core of bone, and are not seasonally shed?

bovine horns

which is the deepest layer of the dermis?

reticular layer

which layer of the dermis is typically composed of areolar connective tissue?

papillary layer

what is the only class of extant jawed vertebrates that does NOT produce dermal bone?

aves

What is the material making up the deepest layer of the primitive layered dermal armor?

compact bone

What is the material making up the top/superficial layer of the primitive four layered dermal armor?

enamel/enameloid

Which type of scales are the dermal scales of teleosts and are considered to be the most advanced fish scale?

leptoid scales

which type of dermal scale gave rise to the vertebrate tooth?

placoid scales

what is the general term for the dermal bones found in reptilian skin?

osteoderm

which type of scales is NOT found in any extant vertebrates?

cosmoid scales

What group of extant mammals have the best developed dermal armor?

armadillos

What is the GENERAL term for skin cells containing pigment?

chromatophores

What is the term for skin cells containing red pigment?

erythrophores

What is the term for the mammalian hypodermis that contains primarily fat?

panniculus adiposis

Which class of vertebrates has the most extensively developed hypodermis?

mammalia

Which type of epidermal cell is involved in defending the body against pathogens?

Langerhans cells

What type of epidermal cell is involved in the perception of touch?

Merkel cells

The skin of which class of vertebrates can be described as: an epidermis of stratified squamous epithelium, mucus type, with placoid scales

Chondrichthyes

Which class of vertebrates have extensive subdermal lymph sinuses since they practice integumentary breathing?

amphibia

Which layer of the mammalian epidermis is composed of a single layer of cells having a high degree of mitotic activity?

stratum basale

Which layer of the mammalian epidermis is the most superficial layer and composed of dead keratin filled cells?

stratum corneum

What is the stem cell that will give rise to dentin?

odontoblast

Which stem cell will give rise to the mineralized tissue enameloid?

odontoblast

Which class of cartilage has a high elastic fiber content?

elastic cartilage

Which class of cartilage makes up the bulk of the chondrichthyan skeleton?

hyaline cartilage

Which class of cartilage makes up the costal cartilages of the ribcage and the cartilaginous rings of the upper respiratory tract?

hyaline cartilage

Which form of cartilage growth involves the production of new cartilage from within the cartilage organ?

interstitial

What is the term for the organic component of the bone matrix?

osteoid

Which class of bone tissue has red marrow?

spongy bone

What is the term for a central canal and the lamellae of osteocytes arranged around it?

Haversian Unit

Which bone cells add calcium to the bone matrix?

osteoblasts

Which connective tissue investment of a bone organ gives rise to ligaments and tendons?

periosteum

What is the class of bone tissue forming the medullary bone (the inner aspect of a bone organ)?

spongy bone

Which type of marrow is found in the medullary cavity of long bones?

yellow marrow

What class of bone tissue most closely resembles dentin?

aspidin bone

What is the anatomical term for the shaft of a long bone?

diaphysis

What is the term for the collagenous structure that attaches bone to bone?

ligament

What is the class of bone organ based on shape that the ribs belong to?

flat bones

What is the class of bone organ based on shape that includes the parietal and occipital bones?

flat bones

What is the class of bone organ based on shape that includes the vertebrae?

irregular bones

what type of bone tissue is a specialized type of bone where the osteoblasts retreat after secreting the matrix, leaving no cells in the tissue?

aspidin bone

What is a special type of bone where hormones can alter the size and shape of the bone organ, often to signal gender and/or reproductive maturity?

metaplasic bone

Which type of ossification involves bone replacing a cartilage model/precursor?

endochondral

Which type of ossification gives rise to the humerus and femur?

intramembranous

Which form of ossification gives rise to bones of the dermatocranium?

intramembranous

What is the class of mineralized tissue that enameloid actually belongs to?

dentin

what is the term for bones that are created from the mesenchyme directly?

membrane bones

What is the functional class of joint that has no mobility?

synarthritic

What is the structural class of joint that has a high degree of mobility?

synovial

What is the structural class of joint that includes the growth plate connecting the epiphysis and diaphysis?

cartilaginous

What is the name for the membrane of a synovial joint that produces the lubricant of the joint?

synovial membrane

What is the class of mineralized tissue that arises from the epidermis?

enamel

Which layer of the integument can produce bone?

dermis

Which portion of the skeleton is composed of the bones in the limbs + associated girdles?

appendicular skeleton

What is the class of cartilage making up the articular cartilages of joints?

hyaline cartilage

What type of bone are heterotropic bones?

both membrane and replacement bones