UW BIOLOGY 100 UNIT 1 FINAL REVIEW

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What is a drug?

A substance that is not nutritional and alters your body function.

What is a psychoactive drug?

A substance that affects the central nervous system (CNS) and perception.

What is a licit drug?

Legal drugs such as coffee, alcohol, etc.

What is an illicit drug?

Illegal drugs such as mushrooms, cocaine, etc.

What is an over-the-counter drug?

Drugs that are easily available without a prescription.

What is tolerance?

Needing an increased dosage to achieve the same effect.

What is withdrawal?

The negative symptoms that users face after abruptly stopping the use of a drug.

What is dependence to a drug?

Needing the drug to feel normal and function normally.

What is a receptor?

A protein that when a molecule binds to it, produces a specific effect.

What is a ligand?

A naturally occurring substance that binds to a receptor to produce an effect.

What is an agonist?

A drug that binds to the receptor, imitating the effect of the ligand.

What is an antagonist?

A drug that binds to the receptor, producing the opposite effect of the ligand.

What body parts are included in the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

The brain and spinal cord.

What body parts are included in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

All other parts of the nervous system, including the nerves.

What is the function of the somatic nervous system?

Sensory and motor functions.

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

Regulates automatic functions, nerve cells, and ganglia.

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

Activates the fight or flight response, directing blood to muscles, lungs, and the brain.

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

Promotes rest and digest functions, directing blood to skin and the digestive tract.

What is the impact of a drug activating the sympathetic nervous system?

Increased heart rate, anxiety, and breathing.

What is the impact of a drug activating the parasympathetic nervous system?

Calmness, decreased heart rate, and reduced anxiety.

What did Phineas Gage's case reveal?

The frontal lobe is associated with personality.

What did Patient HM illustrate about the hippocampus?

The hippocampus is tied to short-term memory.

What are the four parts of a neuron?

Dendrites, axon, soma, and axon terminal.

What is resting potential?

The state when the neuron is negative inside due to the movement of Na+ and K+ ions.

What is action potential?

The process involving Na+ moving in and K+ moving out to generate a quick electrical signal.

How does a channel differ from a pump in a cell membrane?

Channels allow for passive movement, while pumps require energy to move substances against the gradient.

What characterizes depolarization?

Na+ ions move into the cell, making the inside more positive.

What characterizes repolarization?

K+ ions move out of the cell, reducing positivity inside.

What is a synapse?

The junction between a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron.

What happens to neurotransmitters after they bind to receptors?

They are either broken down by enzymes or reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron.

What is the difference between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters?

Excitatory neurotransmitters promote action potentials, while inhibitory neurotransmitters prevent them.

What are the four stages of addiction?

Initiation, continuation, cessation, relapse.

Why is it important to treat addiction like a disease?

It reduces stigma, improving treatment accessibility and support.

What is a conditioned stimulus in relation to drug addiction?

An event that prompts cravings for drugs due to past associations.

What role does dopamine play in addiction?

It drives the desire for and continuation of drug use.

What might make relapse more likely?

Stress, drug use, conditioned stimuli, and withdrawal symptoms.

What are two main treatment options for addiction?

Medication and psychotherapy, which help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.

Which membrane protein helps the cell become more electrically negative during action potential?

K+ channel

What is the direction of the Na+/K+ pump?

3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

Whats the correct order for action potential?

Electrical stimulus, Na+ channels open, K+ channels open

What ion channels do excitatory open in the postsynaptic cell?

Na+

What ion channels do inhibitatory open in the postsynaptic cell?

CI-

What are the steps to synaptic transmission

Action potential, NTs released, binds to postsynaptic neuron, opens Na+ channel OR CI- channel, NTs degraded or recycled