BIOL 112 Final - New stuff

homeostasis

aa steady state that remains the same regardless of the external environment

what kind of system does homeostasis apply to

open systems

Do small or large animals have higher metabolic rates; why

Smaller; larger surface to volume ratio

Torpor

physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases

How does torpor benefit an animal

Helps them save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous conditions

What is hibernation an example of

torpor

What is summer torpor called

estivation

What kind of response detects fluctuations from a set point and returns to it

Negative feedback loop

What kind of response amplies a stimulus and doesn’t contribute to homeostasis

Positive feedback loop

Acclimatization

Adjustments to external environment

Thermoregulation

Adjustments made to temperature

Why is thermoregulation important

The body must maintain an internal temperature so enzymes are efficient and don’t denature

What is thermoregulation controlled by

Hypothalamus

What is radiation (in heat exchange)

Emission of electromagnetic heat waves from the body to the environment

What is evaporation (in heat exchange)

Heat carries away when sweat evaporates

What is convection (in heat exchange)

Currents of air remove heat from the surface of dry skin

What is conduction (in heat exchange)

Passing of heat through direct contact

What system is involved with thermoregulation

Integumentary system

5 adaptations to help animals thermoregulation

• insulation

• behavioral responses

• circulatory adaptations

• cooling by evaporative heat loss

• adjusting metabolic heat production

Endothermic animal

Animals that generate heat by metabolism

Examples of endotherms

Birds and mammals

Ectothermic animal

Animals that gain heat through external sources

Examples of ectotherms

Invertebrates, fish, and amphibians

Is endothermy or ectothermy more energically expensive

Endothermy

Epithelial tissues

line cavities, open spaces, and surfaces

Connective tissues

Connect tissues together and provide support

Muscle tissues

generate movement

nervous tissues

generate and send electrical signals

What is a single-layered epithelial tissue called

simple

What is a multi-layered epithelial tissue called

stratified

What is a squamous epithelial tissue shaped like

flat, irregular, round

What is a cuboidal epithelial tissue shaped like

cube shaped, central nucleus

What is a columnar epithelial tissue shaped like

tall, narrow, nucleus toward base; tall, narrow, nucleus along cell

What is a transitional epithelial tissue shaped like

round, simple but appear stratified

where are simple squamous epithelial tissues located

lung alveoli, capillaries

where are stratified squamous epithelial tissues located

skin, mouth, vagina

where are cuboidal epithelial tissues located

glands and renal tubules

where are simple columnar epithelial tissues located

digestive tract

where are pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissues located

Respiratory tract

where are pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissues located

Urinary bladder

What are connective tissue cells called

Fibroblasts

How is connective tissue arranged

In a non-cellular matrix

What is ground substance

The filler between connective tissue. usually made of collagen, elastic, or reticular fibers

What kind of cells do loose/areolar connective tissues make

fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils

What kind of fibers do loose/areolar connective tissues make

collagen, elastic, reticular

where are loose/areolar connective tissues located

around blood vessels and anchors epithelia

What kind of cells do dense/fiberous connective tissues make

fibroblasts an macrophages

What kind of fibers do dense/fiberous connective tissues make

mostly collagen

where are dense/fiberous connective tissues located

skin, tendons, and ligaments

What kind of cells do dense/fiberous connective tissues make

chondrocytes and chondroblasts

What kind of fibers do dense/fiberous connective tissues make

• few collagen and elastic fibers: hyaline

• large amounts of collagen fibers