ap gov cram

marybury v madison

established judicial review

mcculloch v maryland

necessary and improper clause allows congress to open a bank to carry out its enumerated powers, supremacy clause makes it so that states can’t interfere with a federal bank

schenck v us

free speech is not absolute, especially in war time, established “clear and present danger” test

brown v board

outlawed segregation in public schools because it violated the equal protection clause

baker v carr

SC can review districts to ensure they don’t violate the equal protection clause

engel v vitale

outlawed prayer in public schools because it violated the establishment clause

gideon v wainwright

gideon was released because his sixth and 14th amendment rights were violated because he was not provided with a lawyer in court, provided lawyers in state courts

tinker v des moines

students still have free speech and protest as long as it doesn’t interfere with learning

ny times co v us

gov can’t block press from releasing confidential info if it doesn’t threaten national security

wisconsin v yoder

yoder kids don’t have to go to school because it violates their right to exercise their belief

roe v wade

14 amendment protects privacy including a woman’s liberty to have an abortion

shaw v reno

outlawed racial gerrymandering unless it pursued a compelling state interest

us v lopez

congress overstepped their authority of the commerce clause because guns aren’t economic

mcdonald v chicago

incorporated the second amendment to the states

citizens united v fec

• political ads can’t be limited because they are speech

• super pacs may spend unlimited money as long as it isn’t directly coordinated with a party or candidate

• must disclose donors

• can’t directly donate to candidates

civil rights act of 1964

outlawed segregation and discrimination based on race, gender, etc

civil liberties

rights that protect citizens from the government

civil rights

rights that make citizens equal under the law

selective incorporation

SC applies BOR to state govs on a case by case basis through the 14 amendments due process clause

de jure segregation

segregation by law

de facto segregation

segregation base on environmental factors

cup and saucer

HOR - cup, Senate - saucer. represents how the house is passionate and fast moving while the senate is cooling, preventing rash decisions

carrot v stick grants

carrot = grants in aid, stick = mandate (unfunded)

marginal districts/swing seats

districts where the winner receives a low percentage of the vote, making the seat vulnerable to change parties next election

single member district

district that elects only one person. whoever had most votes wins, even if the don’t have the majority

what part of congress has the rules committee?

house

rules committee

determines which bills are debated, how long debates last, and what amendments are allowed

what part of congress has unlimited debate w filibuster possible

senate

who impeached the president

house