Human Reasoning & Complex Cognition

Reasoning

A combination of intuitive and analytic thinking.

What are the two types of reasoning systems in dual process theory?

System 1 (implicit, automatic) and System 2 (explicit, effortful).

What is the singularity principle in reasoning?

People consider a single hypothetical possibility or mental model at one time.

What does the relevance principle state?

People consider the model that is most relevant to the current context.

What is the satisficing principle?

Models are accepted if they are satisfactory based on the current goal.

What is the difference between deduction and induction?

Deduction is general to specific (if true in all models), while induction is specific to general (not guaranteed).

What is abduction in reasoning?

Creating a new possible cause or explanation based on observations.

How does cognitive capacity limit reasoning?

Working memory limits individuals to considering only one model at a time.

What is belief bias?

The tendency to accept believable conclusions over logical ones.

What are mental models?

Possibilities imagined to simulate the world and draw conclusions.

What is the difference between necessary and possible consequences?

Necessary consequences will happen if a condition is met; possible consequences could happen but are not guaranteed.

What is the significance of the dual process perspective?

It highlights the interplay between intuitive (fast) and deliberate (slow) reasoning.

What are the four methods of fixing belief?

Tenacity, Authority, A priori, and Science.

What is the limitation of reasoning based on formal rules?

It does not explain everyday reasoning well.

What is the implication of computational complexity in reasoning?

Real-world problems are too complex to optimize, making full rational reasoning impossible.

What does it mean to evaluate a model in reasoning?

To check if the scenario makes sense and fits the goal.

What is a counterexample in reasoning?

An example that fits the premises but leads to a different conclusion.

What is modulation in reasoning?

Considering additional clauses or conditions that can affect outcomes.

What is the role of intuition in reasoning?

It allows for quick scenario generation based on experiences and beliefs.

What is unified theory of reasoning

Putting together different types of reasoning into one model

What is the impact of satisficing on decision-making?

It leads to accepting solutions that are good enough rather than optimal.

How do errors and biases occur in reasoning?

Through the interplay of relevance filtering and cognitive limitations.

Types of reasoning

relational, propositional, model, causal, quantificational

Relational reasoning

reasoning involving premises that express the relations between items

Propositional reasoning

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Casual reasoning

Identifying cause and effect

Quantificational reasoning

?????

a priori

what feels reasonable, personal preference

what is scientific reasoning

believing based on external reality, scientific conclusions, data

what is authority reasoning

believing what institutions tell you

tenacity reasoning

reiterating beliefs over and over and ignoring what challenges them

modulation

adds background knowledge and removes unrealistic possibilities

deduction

General to specific

true in all models

induction

Specific to general

can be multiple premises/possibilities

abduction

best guess based on data

probability

likelyhood of models

belief bias

people accept what is easiest to believe over logic

To say it is ____ is harder than saying _____

necessary, not necessary

disjunction

OR statement (A or B)

Conjunction

AND statement (A AND B)

Conditional

If A then B

Iconicity

mental models resemble what they represent

Social contract

perceived benefit to perceived cost of social interaction that people must fufill

social contract cheating

Cheating is failure to pay obligation to get benefit

Universal positive (A) rule

ALL s are p

Partial positive (I) rule

SOME s are p

universal negative (E) rule

NO s are p

Partial negative (O) rule

SOME s are not p

Truth only goes from (subaltern)

Universal to partial

False only goes from (subaltern)

Partial to universal

Partial Affirmative label

I

Universal positive label

A

Universal negative label

E

Partial negative label

O

Existential import (x) (venn diagram)

There must be at least one S????

Contrary (A and E)

Can never be both true, may be both false

Subcontrary (I and O)

Must be both false, may be both true

A true I statement

means O does not matter, it is automatically invalid as there is more than one option

silogisms form

1. Major premise (P + Middle term)

2. minor premise (S + Middle Term)

3. conclusion (S+P)

Term S in logic

subject, can not be in first line, if so switch line 1 and 2

Term P in logic

preterate

Why we reason

To argue

Neccessity vs sufficiency conditions

1. P and Q

2. P and not-Q

3. Not

Try to make logic square

Conditional Logic

Solving problems based on "if p, then q" structures, including abstract versions and those framed through "permission schemas

Permission schema

Rule that relates action to precondition

If X then Y must happen first

If not-X then it does not matter

If Y then X may happen

If not-Y then action must not be taken