CMST 2060 FINAL GRAVES

Ethos

Appeal to crediibiloty or character of the speaker, to build trust and to make the audience believe you

Pathos

Appeal to emotion, make the audience feel something

Logos

Appeal to logic and reasoning to prove your argument logically

Ethos example

“As a nurse with 10 years of experience…”

Pathos example

Telling a sad story about a homeless family

Logos example

Using statistics or facts

Claim

The main argument or central idea

When is a claim used?

Persuasive speeches

Evidence

Proof that supports your claim that strengthen arguments

Examples of evidence

Statistics, facts and stories

Reasoning

Explains how the evidence supports the claim connecting evidence to claim

Level of dispute

What the audience already agrees or disagrees with guiding persuasion strategyb

Preview statement

Tells audience what the main points will be in the introduction

Transition

Connects main points between points in the body of the speech

Internal summary

Recaps what has been said inside the body of the speech

Attention getter

Hook to grab the audience’s attention in the beginning of the speech

Audience analysis

Studying the audience to adjust speech, like adjusting for age or beliefs

Egocentrism

Audience caring about themselves asking how does this speech affect me

When do we consider egocentrism?

When tailoring a speech

Frame of Reference

The audience’s background or experiences affecting their interpretation

Statistic

Numerical data used in logos

Testimony

Quote from an expert or witness

When is a testimony used

In ethos and logos

Example

Specific case used as proof

When are examples used?

Ethos and Logos

Analogical reasoning

Comparing two similar things

When is analogical reasoning used

Persuasion

Causal reasoning

Showing cause and effect to explain why

Red Herring

A fallacy that distracts from the main issue

Example of a Red Herring

Changing topic to avoid argument

Ad Hominem

Attacking the person not the argument

Either-Or

Only giving two choices

Bandwagon

Everyone is doing it

Hasty Generalization

Conclusion from little evidence

Example of Hasty Generalization

One bad experience on a horse means all horses are bad

Extemporaneous Speaking

Prepared but not memorized, using note cards

Impromptu

No preparation, on the dot speaking

Memorized speech

Word for word speech, rare use

Connotative language

Emotional meaning used in pathos

Denotative language

Literal meaning, used in informative speeches

Plagiarism

Using other’s ideas without crediting them

Policy Speech

Argues for action/change in persuasive speeches

Practicality

Structure of a policy argument in a persuasive speech

Example of practicality

Problem > Solution > Does it work?

Specific purpose

One sentence statement of what you want to accomplish in your speech

Central idea

Main message of the speech, what the audience should remember

Credibility statement

Shows why the audience should trust you

Spoken citation

Verbal reference during speech to present evidence

Hypothetical Example

An imagined scenario to illustrate a point to help the audience visualize

Abstract

Summary of article written by someone else used in research

Ethnocentrism

Belief your culture is superior used in audience analysis and bias

Simile

Comparison using like or as

Antithesis

Contrasting ideas in parallel structure

Analogy

Comparison to explain concept

Residual Message

What the audience remembers after the speech

Positive Nervousness

Using anxiety to improve performance

Nonverbal communication

Communication without words

Demographic analysis

Audience traits

Psychological analysis

Audience beliefs attitudes and values used in persuasive speeches

Creative constraint

Limits that shape creativity used in speech preparation