ap hug semester 2 final exam

Unit 4: nation

A group of people with shared culture, language, history, or identity

Unit 4: state

A political unit with defined borders, government, and sovereignty.

Unit 4: nation-state

When a nation and a state mostly overlap (ex: Japan)

Unit 4: Nation-less states (stateless nations)

Groups of people with a shared identity but no country of their own
Examples: Kurds, Palestinians, Chechens, Basques

Unit 4: Significance of the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885

• European powers divided Africa without considering ethnic groups

• Created artificial borders → leads to conflict still today

Unit 4: Legacy of colonialism

• Language: European languages still spoken (English, French)

• Religion: Spread of Christianity

• Dependent Economy: Many countries depend on exporting raw materials (dependent economies)

Unit 4: boundary types→ superimposed, geometric, natural.

• drawn over existing groups (Africa)

• straight lines (U.S.–Canada border)

• physical features (rivers, mountains)
  👉 In Africa, many borders cause conflict because they split ethnic groups

Unit 4: Ratzel vs Mackinder vs Spykman

• (Organic Theory): States grow like living organisms

• (Heartland Theory): Control Eastern Europe = control world

• (Rimland Theory): Control coastal areas = control world

Unit4: what was the apartheid in South Africa?

A system of racial segregation where nonwhite people had fewer rights in South Africa after white people colonized the area, settling there. (1948–1990s)

Unit4: wallerstein’s world systems theory

• Core: rich, developed countries

• Periphery: poor, less developed countries

• Semi-periphery: in between
  👉 Core exploits periphery for resources and labor

Unit 4: Centripetal vs Centrifugal forces

• unite people (strong education, shared culture)

• divide people (inequality, language differences)

Unit 4: Devolution & Balkanization

• power moves from central government to regions

• a state breaks into smaller, often hostile states

Unit 4: Shapes of states Compact, Elongated, Prorupted

• Compact and easy to govern (Poland)

• long and stretched shape (Chile)

• Compact with a extension for resources (Thailand)

Unit 4: shapes of states Fragmented, Perforated, Landlocked,

• separated pieces (Indonesia)

• one state surrounds another (South Africa/Lesotho)

• no ocean access (Bolivia)

unit 4: Unitary vs Federal states

• power at central government (France)

• power shared with regions/states (U.S.)

Unit 4: Reapportionment & Gerrymandering

• (redistricting): redrawing voting districts after census

• manipulating boundaries to benefit a group/party

Unit 4: Supranational organizations

• NATO: military cooperation

• European Union: economic/political cooperation

• United Nations: global peace and cooperation

Unit 5: Intensive vs Extensive Agriculture

• small land, lots of labor (rice farming in Asia)

• large land, less labor (wheat farms, ranching in U.S.)

Unit 5: shifting agriculture

farmers move fields after soil loses nutrients (tropics: Africa, South America)

Unit 5: von Thünen Model (Bid-Rent Theory)

Land use depends on distance to market (transport cost vs profit), the farther you go from the CBD the land cost decreases, but the closer you get to the CBD the more expensive land gets.

Unit 5:Rings (from city outward):

• 1. Dairy & perishables

• 2. Forest (wood)

• 3. Grains

• 4. Livestock ranching

Unit 5: Malthus vs Boserup & Carrying Capacity

• Thomas : population grows faster than food → crisis

• Ester : technology increases food supply when needed

• max population an area can support

Unit 5: agricultural revolutions

• 1st: Neolithic (10,000 yrs ago) → hunting and gathering to subsistence farming, farming begins (permanent settlements)

• 2nd: Industrial (1700-1800 Britain) → subsistence farming to commercial, (increased peoples wealth) ,machines, better tools (more efficiency)

• 3rd (Green Revolution) (1940s Mexico): new seeds, fertilizers → big increase in food, but environmental issues

Unit 5: LDCs exploited by MDCs (Cash Crops)

• ___ grow cash crops (coffee, cotton) for export

• Less focus on staple crops → can cause food shortages

Unit 5: agribusiness

Large, corporate, commercial farming focused on profit (common in MDCs)

Unit 5: Sustainable Agriculture & Organics

• Focus on protecting environment and long-term farming for future Generations to come.

• Organic farming avoids chemicals but not zero.

• Reaction against industrial farming problems

Unit 5: Climate & Crops

• Luxury (cash) crops: tropical climates (coffee, sugar, bananas)

• Staple crops: vary by region

  • Rice → warm/wet Asia

  • Wheat → drier climates (U.S., Europe)

  • Corn → temperate climates

Unit 5: moar globally consumed staple crop

Rice.

Unit 7: Brandt Line (MDCs vs LDCs)

The Brandt Line is an imaginary line that divides the world into:

• (More Developed Countries) → wealthier, industrialized (U.S., Europe, Japan)

• (Less Developed Countries) → poorer, less industrialized (Africa, parts of Asia, Latin America)

Unit 7: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Activities

• → get raw materials (farming, mining) → common in LDCs

• → manufacturing goods (factories) → growing in developing countries

• → services (teachers, doctors, retail) → dominant in MDCs

Unit 7: Gap Between Core & Periphery

• rich, powerful

• poor, less developed
  The gap is increasing because core countries control trade, technology, and wealth.

Unit 7: HDI (Human Development Index)

1. Life expectancy (health)

2. Education

3. Income (GNI per capita)

High → North America, Europe
Low → Sub-Saharan Africa

Unit 7: Economic, Social, Demographic Indicators

• income, jobs, GDP

• education, healthcare, literacy

• population growth, birth/death rates

Unit 7: Approaches to Development - Self- sufficiency & Rostows Stages of Economic Growth)

• build your own economy (limit imports)

• countries go through stages from traditional → modern

Unit 7: Approaches to Development - dependency theory, sustainable development

• → poor countries depend on rich ones

• → grow without → poor countries depend on rich ones

Unit 7: Commodity Chain & New International Division of Labor

-LA commodity chain shows how a product is made across different countries. Example: a T-shirt may be designed in the U.S., made in Asia, sold worldwide.

-New International Division of Labor = companies move jobs to cheaper countries (outsourcing).

Unit 7: neocolonialism

MDCs still control LDC economies through business and trade, even without political control.

Unit 7: islands of development

Small areas of wealth (like big cities) in poorer countries that grow rapidly into megacities.

Unit 7: Cottage Industries → Mass Manufacturing

• handmade goods at home

• large-scale factory production

Unit 7: Break-of-Bulk Points

is where goods are transferred (ship → truck), often increasing cost.

Unit 7: Bulk-Gaining vs Bulk-Reducing

• → product loses weight (mining) → near raw materials

• → product gains weight (bottling soda) → near market

Unit 7: site factors

Costs inside the factory:

• Land

• Labor

• Capital (money)

Unit 7: situation factors

Location-related:

• Near raw materials

• Near markets

• Transportation access

Unit 7:Deindustrialization → Gentrification

• factories close in MDCs and move elsewhere

• Leads to urban decline, then____ (wealthy people move in, area improves, prices rise)

Unit 7: Labor-Intensive Industries (Textiles)

Need lots of workers → located in LDCs where labor is cheap.

Unit 7: maquiladoras

Factories in Mexico near the U.S. border that import materials, assemble goods cheaply, and export them.

Unit 7: Outsourcing (T-shirt example)

Companies send production to other countries to reduce costs.

Unit 7: just in time delivery

Companies receive materials only when needed to reduce storage costs.

Unit 7: Fordist vs Post-Fordist Production

• mass production, standardized goods

• flexible, customized products

Unit 7: Basic industries

• export goods from foreign suppliers (bring money in through tourism ect)

Unit 7: non basic industries

Domestic local services bring in money to country (restaurants, shops)

Unit 7: christallens central place theory

Cities are formed by hexagonal shapes to maximize equal distance, explains how businesses and services are spread around in the area.

Unit 7: range & threshold

• how far people are willing to travel

• The minimum amount of customers needed to support a job.

Unit. 7: Market Areas = ___

=functional regions where ideas/people/ products go in and out, Areas served by a business (like a shopping mall’s customers).

Unit7: gateway cities

Cities that connect regions (major ports, airports).

Unit. 7: Bid-Rent Theory (Retail Location)

land cost is highest near the city center → businesses that can pay the most locate there.

Unit 6: Highest Urbanization in LDCs

Latin America has very high urbanization due to migration to cities.

Unit 6: Blockbusting, Filtering, Redlining

• agents scare white homeowners to sell cheaply

• = homes decline over time and become affordable

• = banks refuse loans in minority areas

Unit 6: Where Are Poor People Located?

• MDCs → inner-city ghettos

• LDCs → outskirts (squatter settlements)

Unit 6: Rising Middle Class (India & China)

Growing economies = more jobs, better income, more consumers.

Unit 6: Rank-Size Rule

Cities follow a pattern:
2nd largest = 1/2 size of largest
3rd = 1/3 size, etc.

Unit 6: primate cities

A city that is double the size of the second largest city, controlling the cities cultural, political and societal aspects.

Unit 6: Islands of Development → Megacities

Wealthy urban centers grow into huge cities in LDCs.

Unit 6: MDC & LDC Urban Models

• → organized, zoning, suburbs

• → rapid growth, informal settlements

Unit 6: New Urbanism

Planning cities to be:

• Walkable

• Mixed-use

• Environmentally friendly

Unit 6: pros of gentrification

• Safer neighborhoods

• Better buildings

• More businesses

Unit 6: cons of gentrification

• Higher rent

• Poor residents forced out

• Loss of culture

Unit 6: North American City models → concentric zone model

Has circular rings that sprout outward from the CBD. It goes out from working class industries middle class and commuters. The farther you get the less density there is of people.

Unit 6: North American City models → Hoytt sector model

Wedge shaped sectors CBD, less dominant low income resident's, always near factories and transportation

Unit 6: North American City models → Harris and Ullman Multiple nuclei model

Multiple centers (nodes) developed because the importance of CBD's is decreasing, lots of business districts in high consumption areas in each node.

Unit 6: North American City models → Galactic model

Cities are spread outward (urban sprawl). It creates multi cities and the growth of edge cities surrounding the CBD in a ring (suburbs), highly dependent on transportation and cars.

Unit 6: LDC City model→ Sub-Saharan African model

CBD consists of a market and a traditional CBD (2 CBDs), influenced by colonization. Ethnic and mixed and industries surround the CBD while the squatter settlements circle around everything.

Unit 6: LDC City model→ Latin American model

The CBD consists of a plaza and a religious building. The elite are in the center and the poor are on the outskirts lots of Favela's (squatter settlements).

Unit 6: LDC City model→ southEast Asian model

The CBD focuses on a port for exporting manufactured goods. It comes from colonial needs. Special economic zones sprout from the port towards all the sectors. New industries are at the edge. Poor and well off residence live clustered together. New housing and government buildings are on the side.