Common small animal diseases

Reservoir

infectious agents natural habitat serves as a source of infection to the domestic population

Transmissibility

is the infectious agents ability to spread from an infected to a susceptible host.

Horizontal

occurs between members of the same population

Vertical

Occurs between succeeding generations vis placenta or milk

4 major routes of transmission

direct contact, vehicle or fomites, airborne, & vector

Ophthalmology

examining of the eyes.

uses an opthalmoscope.

Blepharospasm

is a common sign of disease

Glaucoma

increase in intraocular pressure

Cataracts

focal or diffuse opacity with in the lens, also when the lens get cloudy

Corneal Ulcers

From trauma, decreased tear production,

use fluorescein stain to diagnose.

treatment: ointment/drops

Entropion

lid margins role inward, can cause ulceration and loss of vision.

Ectropion

lid margins role outwards

(blood hounds) droopy eyes

Cherry eye

prolapse of the nictitating membrane

KCS

(keratoconjunctivis sicca)

decreased tear production

Dermatology

skin scraping,

Test it: pinch skin, place some oil onto blade, scrape skin until red or bleeding, then scape skin on micro slide

Demodex/ sarcoptes

mits that live in the hair follicles or burrows in tunnels under the skin.

topical/dips r needed for treatment

Yeast

Malessezia is a spore like fungus that invades the skin. itchiness, shampoo and oral meds for treatment

Ringworm

Dermatophytes

fungus lives on the surface of the skin, topical meds and dips for treatment

Allergies

ear infections & constantly licking themselves till there raw.

occurs as a hypersensitivity reaction.

Congestive heart failure

Myocardial

volume overload

pressure overload &

reduced ventricular compliance

Staging of heart disease

stage 1 (heart failure but animals dont show any sign)

stage 2 ( mild heart failure with some signs)

stage 3 (moderate heart failure w/ some signs & congestion at rest)

stage 4 (sever heart failure w/ many sings)

Congestive heart failure

CHF

heart is unable to maintain adequate cardiac output

Left side heart failure

dysfunction of LA valve, ventricle or both.

difficulty breathing, stops breathing or faints

Right side heart failure

dysfunction in RA valve, ventricle or both

Valvular Insufficiency

indicates functional incompetence (leakage) of the valve w/ regurgitation of blood.

Mitral insufficiency

results from chronic mitral fibrosis, heart disease in dogs.

left side heart failure

Heartworm disease

caused by: Dirofilaria immitis

right side heart failure, right atrium, ventricle, pulmonary arteriese, & vena cava

Cardiomyopathy

basic pathologic lesion involves the heart muscle

Felines

Feline cardiomyopathy 3 form:

hypertrophic

dilated

restrictive

Hypertrophic

increased in thickness of myocardium and a small left ventricular lumen

Dilated

extreme ventricular dilation and moderate atrial enlargement

*right sided heart failure

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

least common

synonym: endomyocardial fibrosis

diet- taurine

canine cardiomyopathy

thick muscle wall in left ventricle & atrium becomes very thin

life span 6-8 months

can by asymptomatic or present

Dobermans

present similar to dilated cardiomyopathy

ventricular contractility is severely compromised

Hypertrophic cardiomyopthy

uncommon in dogs

seen in german shepherds

sudden death

Hyperadrenocorticism

canine

results from excessive production of cortisol by adrenal cortex.

treatment: lysodren

crushing disease, hair loss, skin infection

hypoadrenocorticism

canine

caused by lack of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid levels due to immune mediated destruction of the adrena glands

medication: percorten

Hypoglycemia

any dog having seizure or comatose

blood sugar, weakness of rear legs

Hypothyroidism

most common in dogs, caused by a deficiency of thyroid hormones possibly immune mediated

Hyperthydroidism

common in cats older than 5 yrs of age

caused by excess production of thyroid hormone from hyperfunctioning nodules in the thyroid gland- benign 98% of the time

Diabetes Mellitus

seen in older dogs & cats

common in female dogs & male cats

caused by a deficiency of insulin which result in an increase in blood glucose

Gastritis (acute)

dietary indiscretion, addisons disease

canine viral enteritis

2 causes:

canine coronavirus & parvo

GDV

gastric dilitation vulvulus

bloated stomach, twisted stomach

filled up with air & twist on its own,

treatment: IV fluids, stomach tubing or surgery.

Nervous system

trauma, disruption of blood flow, congential damage seen at birth

Hydrocephalus

water on the brain.

open fontanelle w/ lateral strabismus present

Epilepsy

recurrent seizures

meds: phenobarbitol, KBr

Wobbler syndrome

caused by a spinal cord compression from cervical instability.

GREAT DANE's

IVDD

intervertebral disc disease

diseased and herniated into the spinal cord and nerves, causing damage by blocking nerve impulses to the extremitis. cage rest & cart

Patellar Luxation

patella slips out of the groove on the long bone of the leg causing pain, making the joints unstable

clinical signs: skipping gait to bend the knee

ACl

anterior cruciate ligament

when a animal takes off running to chase something & twists the knee rupturing the ligament.

treatment: antiinflammatory meds

Hip Dysplasia

the head of the femur doesn't fit properly into the socket.

difficulty getting up, bunny hop, pain

treatment: FHO, total hip replacement

Osteosarcoma

neoplasia causing lameness, swelling pathological fracture

treatment surgery, chemotherapy

Uroliths

kidney stones

UTI 90% in bladder 10% in kidney

FLUTD

feline lower urinary tract disease

inappropriate urination/blood

lightly salt food to promote increase H2O

Chronic Renal Failure

diets contain reduced quantities of high quality protein and adequate non protein calories, due to vomiting & nausea

hills k/d = kidney diet

Portosystemic shunt

blood vessels shunt blood away from the liver leading to liver failure

Feline Hepatic Lipidosis

know as hepatocytes. Fatty liver disease

Ear infection

outer & inner ear are separated by the ear drum. lack of treatment can cause deafness.

Causes: infection of the outer ear extends to the inner ear. On rare occasion infections of the mouth can invade the inner ear

Aural Hematoma

fluid filled pocket in the pinna, trauma to the ear

Ear Mites

transmitted by direct contact with an infected animal.

causes infection and extreme itching.