States of Matter and Kinetic Particle Theory

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers the fundamental concepts of states of matter, phase changes, and the kinetic particle theory based on the provided lecture notes.

Matter

Anything that occupies space and has a mass

Three states of matter

The categorization of all substances as either solids, liquids, or gases.

Solid

A state of matter that, at a given temperature, has a definite volume and shape, where particles are arranged in a regular manner and only vibrate about fixed positions.

Expansion

The slight increase in size of solids or liquids when they are heated.

Contraction

The slight decrease in size of solids or liquids when they are cooled.

Liquid

A state of matter that, at a given temperature, has a fixed volume and takes up the shape of any container into which it is poured.

Gas

A state of matter that, at a given temperature, has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume and spreads out evenly within its container.

Compressible

A property of liquids and gases meaning their volume can be reduced by the application of pressure.

Kinetic particle theory

A scientific model explaining matter's behavior based on the idea that all matter is made of tiny, moving particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) whose speed increases with temperature.

Melting point

The temperature at which a pure solid transitions into a liquid as the Forces of attraction between particles weaken and the regular structure breaks down.

Boiling point

The temperature at which the pressure of the gas created above a liquid equals to the atmospheric pressure

Evaporation

The process where some particles at the surface of a liquid gain enough energy to overcome attractive forces and escape to form a gas.

Condense

The process where a gas is cooled, causing the particles to lose energy, move closer together, and form a liquid due to significant forces of attraction.

Freeze

The process where a liquid is cooled until it forms a solid.

Physical change

A change during which no new substance is formed and no chemical reaction takes place

Sharp melting point

A characteristic of a pure sample where a solid stops rising in temperature and melts at a single, specific value.

Diffusion

The haphazard and random motion(Brownian motion)of particles to fill the space available, moving from high concentration to fill the container. Down the concentration gradient

Relative molecular mass

A characteristic of particles where lighter substances (lower mass) move and diffuse faster than heavier ones at a given temperature.

Intimate mixing

The process of diffusion taking place between a liquid and a gas.

X-ray crystallography

An analytical method that uses instruments to confirm the arrangement of particles within crystal structures.

Atmospheric pressure

The pressure of the air surrounding a liquid, which must be matched by the gas pressure above the liquid for boiling to occur.