Behavioral Neuroscience Final Exam
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120 Terms
Neuronal and hormonal communication both involve...
specialized receptor molecules
3 multiple choice options
Compared to neurotransmitters, hormone effects are generally...
more widespread in the body
3 multiple choice options
Typically, steroid hormones exert their effects by...
entering cells and altering gene expression
3 multiple choice options
________ hormones control ________ hormones which control _____.
releasing; tropic; endocrine glands throughout the body
3 multiple choice options
_______ is a major precursor for making _______.
testosterone; estrogens
3 multiple choice options
Oxytocin and vasopressin are...
synthesized in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus and transported along axon terminals to the posterior pituitary
3 multiple choice options
The steroid hormones cortisol and corticosterone are released by the ______ in response to the hormone _______ from the ________.
adrenal cortex; ACTH; anterior pituitary
3 multiple choice options
Among ovarian hormones, _______ promote development of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics and ______ prepare(s) the endometrium to house and nourish a fertilized egg.
estrogens; progestins
3 multiple choice options
The brain can differentiate between each sensory modality because...
the action potentials for each one is sent along separate nerve tracts
3 multiple choice options
Sensory transduction is the process by which...
energy is converted into a change in membrane potential
3 multiple choice options
The evolutionary advantage of sensory adaptation is that it...
prevents the nervous system from being overwhelmed by stimuli that offer very little news about the world
3 multiple choice options
Which receptors are fast-acting?
Meissner's and Pacinian corpuscles
3 multiple choice options
Receptors in the skin that have small, sharp borders are _____ and _____.
Merkel's discs; Meissner's corpuscles
3 multiple choice options
Touch receptors such as Meissner's corpuscles deliver information to the central nervous system rapidly via _____ fibers.
Aβ
3 multiple choice options
Pain perception is adaptive because it triggers...
behavior that removes the animal from the stimulus
3 multiple choice options
Which statement about sensory cortical maps is true?
Plasticity of cortical maps may arise from changes in the strength of existing synapses or the formation or loss of synapses.
3 multiple choice options
Evidence indicates that...
social hurt and physical pain activate the same regions of the brain
3 multiple choice options
Which sound causes the greatest amount of deflection at the base of the basilar membrane?
high-frequency sound
3 multiple choice options
Several regions of the auditory cortex show ______ mapping.
tonotropic
3 multiple choice options
Which is not typically considered one of the basic tastes?
bland
3 multiple choice options
If you eat something that generates hydrogen ions in your mouth, you will probably detect a _____ taste.
sour
3 multiple choice options
Which part of the tongue is responsible for detecting sweet tastes?
none of the above; the tongue is not divided according to tastes in this way
3 multiple choice options
Outputs from the olfactory bulb do not make synaptic connections to the...
thalamus
3 multiple choice options
The process by which the shape of the lens is altered in order to project a sharp image onto the retina is called...
accomodation
3 multiple choice options
Cones are more densely concentrated in which part of the human retina?
fovea
3 multiple choice options
An on-center/off-surround cell responds most strongly when...
the entire center is illuminated
3 multiple choice options
The process that enhances the boundaries of visual objects is called...
lateral inhibition
3 multiple choice options
Myopia has become more common since the advent of public schooling. Research on this phenomenon...
suggests that it is the quality of indoor lighting that increases the likelihood of developing myopia
3 multiple choice options
Which statement represents a structural description of behavior?
When an animal learns, the number and morphology of neuron connections change in specific brain regions.
3 multiple choice options
Which statement about the use of multiple levels of analysis in research is false?
A single nerve cell is the most basic unit of analysis in behavioral neuroscience.
3 multiple choice options
Which statement represents the most reductionist explanation of an observed phenomenon?
Each neurotransmitter released by neurons must bind to a specific receptor protein.
3 multiple choice options
A researcher can determine how much of the human brain is used for even the simplest of tasks by...
looking at brain activity in brain scans
3 multiple choice options
The neuron doctrine...
all of the above
3 multiple choice options
Axon terminals form the _____ side of a synapse, and dendrites form the _____ side of a synapse.
presynaptic; postsynaptic
3 multiple choice options
The major cell types that make up the nervous system are _______ cells and ______.
glial; neurons
3 multiple choice options
Fibers that carry info AWAY from the brain are called _______, whereas fibers that carry info TOWARD the brain are called ________.
efferents; afferents
3 multiple choice options
Which bodily response is a consequence of sympathetic activation?
increased heart rate
3 multiple choice options
Which region of the cortex is crucial for motor control?
precentral gyrus
3 multiple choice options
The pons is part of the.....
metencephalon
3 multiple choice options
Two important motor nuclei, the substantia nigra and the ______ nucleus, are contained within the _______.
red; midbrain
3 multiple choice options
Which statement about the blood-brain barrier is true?
It is a property of the closely packed endothelial cells of the walls of brain capillaries that prevents large molecules from entering the brain.
3 multiple choice options
The physiological activity of the brain can be visualized using ______.
PET
3 multiple choice options
Which process is not involved in chemical synaptic transmission?
electrical conduction across the synaptic cleft
3 multiple choice options
_______ (reduction of the resting potential) of an axon until it reaches a threshold value opens voltage-gated sodium channels, making the membrane completely _______ to sodium ions. The sodium ions rush in, and the axon becomes briefly more positive inside than outside. This event is called a(n) ________.
depolarization; permeable; action potential
3 multiple choice options
The lock-and-key analogy is used to describe the...
action of transmitter molecules on receptor proteins
3 multiple choice options
Directly controlled ion channels are...
fast and ionotropic
3 multiple choice options
________ receptors recognize the synaptic transmitter, but they do not themselves contain any ion channels.
Metabotropic
3 multiple choice options
_______ synapses work with practically no time delay, whereas ________ synapses have a delay on the order of about a millisecond.
electrical; chemical
3 multiple choice options
Spontaneous electrical rhythms that can be recorded from the surface of the scalp...
are generated by the activity of populations of neurons
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is NOT a specific criterion for classifying a substance as a neurotransmitter?
ability of the substance to travel long distances between the site of origin and target
3 multiple choice options
In the mammalian brain, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter is...
GABA
3 multiple choice options
If drug A is found to bind to a certain type of receptor for a longer time period than drug B does, then drug A is said to have greater...
affinity
3 multiple choice options
Most antipsychotic medications act by blocking _______ receptors.
dopaminergic
3 multiple choice options
Genetic disruption of _______ receptors causes mice to be unresponsive to the rewarding properties of cannabinoid drugs.
CB1
3 multiple choice options
LSD appears to exert its effects through its interactions with receptors for the neurotransmitter...
serotonin
3 multiple choice options
Cryoprotection in ectotherms
They produce cryoprotectants ("natural antifreeze," mainly glucose and glycogen)
Allostatic load
The cost of the varying behavioral and physiological adjustments an individual makes to maintain optimal functioning of a regulated system in the face of current/anticipated environmental stressors
Source of body heat for endotherms vs ectotherms
Endotherms generate heat from metabolism and muscular activity (may shiver to make more heat), ectotherms use sources of heat outside the body
Selective advantage of endothermy
Enhanced capacity for oxygen utilization (in order to generate heat through metabolism) with the result that mammals can sustain high levels of muscular activity for much longer periods of time
General features of homeostatic mechanisms
REDUNDANCY!! Our bodies tend to have multiple mechanisms for monitoring our stores, conserving remaining supplies, obtaining new resources, and shedding excess. Loss of function in one part of the system usually can be compensated for by the remaining parts.
Tonicity of physiological saline
Isotonic
What occurs if salt is added to the right side of a semipermeable membrane?
Water molecules on the left cross the membrane to approach equal solute concentration on both sides
Triggers of osmotic thirst
Increased saltiness of the extracellular fluid (ingestion of salty food)
What detects hypovolemia?
Baroreceptors
Angiotensin I Conversion - The RAAS cascade
Renin
Physiological changes associated with hypovolemia
Immediately after baroreceptors detect drop in blood pressure, heart decreases secretion of ANP. Brain increases release of vasopressin.
Angiotensin II targets and hormonal effects
Constricts blood vessels to maintain blood pressure, triggers release of vasopressin and aldosterone. Directly controls drinking behavior through actions at neural sites located in the forebrain, especially the circumventricular organs (OVLT and SFO). May also act directly on the POA to elicit drinking
Labeling an insulin/glucose figure
IDK
How does the body generate heat from food?
Chemical bonds of complex molecules are broken and chemical-bond energy is released as heat
Where does most meal energy go in rats?
55% consumed by basal metabolism, which are processes such as heat production, maintenance of membrane potentials, and all other basic life-sustaining processes
Primary energy source for the body
Glucose
Hypothalamic lesions and body weight
Depending on where the lesion occurs, rats will stabilize at a new body weight, either higher or lower
α-MSH and melanocortin receptor activation
Released by appetite-suppressing POMC/CART neurons. Results in a net decrease of feeding
Effects of PYY3-26 on feeding behavior
Inhibits NPY/AgRP cells to REDUCE appetite
Fat removal in ground squirrels- set point evidence
If body fat is surgically removed, squirrels will eat until they regain and reach their set point again
Phase shift
Circadian rhythm shift in hamsters
Zeitgeiber
"Time giver," stimulus (usually light-dark cycle) that entrains circadian rhythms
Entrainment
Process of synchronizing a biological rhythm to an environmental stimulus
Geographic variation in human circadian rhythms
People living in the Western side of a given time zone tend to go to bed later than the Eastern side, presumably because the sun sets later on the Western side
Diurnal
Active during light periods
Nocturnal
Active during dark periods
Free-running
Dependent of external cues about time of day
Sleep stage associated with sleep spindles
Stage 2
Sleep stage associated with slow, large-amplitude waves
Stage 3
What does high-frequency posterior EEG activity during sleep indicate?
Vivid dreams
Dream characteristics during SWS
More vivid during REM
In what sleep stage is growth hormone released?
Stage 3
What sleep stage is associated with nightmares and night terrors?
Nightmares usually occur during REM sleep, night terrors during slow wave
Elderly sleep architecture
Less and less REM sleep as you age, more stage 3 sleep
Duration of the human sleep cycle
90-120 minutes
Highest proportion of what type of sleep in newborns?
Around 50% in REM
Unilateral sleep in dolphins and birds
One side of the brain sleeps while the other is awake
What kind of memories are consolidated during non-REM sleep?
Declarative memories (memories that can be stated or described)
Subcoeruleus lesions and REM motor inhibition
Blocks out the paralysis associated with sleep, may begin to act out dreams
Brainstem transections and REM sleep generation
Brainstem required for REM sleep
Caudal: Back of brain
Rostral: Front of brain
What is the brain structure whose lesion produces persistent sleep?
Reticular formation
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Lack of emotional expression, reduced facial expression (flat affect), inability to experience pleasure (anhedonia), reduced conversation (alogia), diminished ability to begin/sustain activities, social withdrawal
Family studies and genetic risk for schizophrenia
Monozygotic twins show highest concordance, followed by siblings/dizygotic twins (first degree relatives)
What is hippocampal pyramidal cell disarray associated with?
Schizophrenia
Hypofrontality in schizophrenia
Reduction in activity in frontal cortex