ATI Teas 7 English

topics

the subjectof a text, or what the text is about

main ideas

the most important point being made by the author.

unstated topic or main idea

In these instances, the readermust read every sentence of the text and try to come up with an overarching idea that is supported by each of those sentences.

supporting details

provides evidence and backing for the main point.

a logical conclusion must be...

supported directly by the text.

explicit evidence is when the author...

tells the reader exactly what is meant

evidence that includes the author's interpretation or perspective of events is called...

explicit evidence

what type of evidence gives descriptions that you can make an inference to come to a logical conclusion

implicit evidence

first, next, then, and last these words show the reader the relationship between each step and help the reader better understand the process as a whole these are considered....

signal words

what are the uses of italics?

- to emphasize

- a word is put in italics when it is being discussed as a word; that is, when it is being defined or its used in a sentence and is being described.

-titles of long or large works, like books, magazines, long operas, and epic poems

short works are placed in ....

quotation marks

arthurs use Italiacs to ...

create a tone of high emotion, while others are more restrained in their use, suggesting calm and reason

footnote

listed at the bottom of a pagewhich lists where facts andfigures within that document page were obtained.

endnote

is similar to a footnote, but differs in the fact that it is listed at the end of paragraphs and chaptersof a document, instead of the bottom of each page of the document.

a glossary does not have the definitions of all words, like a dictionary....

but instead gives the definitions of the important terms within that particular book which are either uncommon or newly introduced.

where is the glossary located?

back of book

where are most index's found?

in a nonfiction book

what are the three components of a topic in the index ?

-lists the topics in alphabetical order

-has subtopics under the main topics listed in alphabetical order

-when a topic is spread over several pages, the index will connect these pages with a dash.

preface

a note that explains the background of the book or introduction

A pie chart is also known as __________________, what is a pie chart effective at showing?

circle graph, how a single entity is divided into parts

Bar graphs are used to illustrate sets of numerical data how?

The graph has a vertical axis (along which numbers are listed) and a horizontal axis (along which categories, words, or some other indicators are placed).

what is a line graph typically used for?

used for measuring trends over time

what is a pictograph?

-generally in the horizontal orientation

-must have a key that defines the picture or symbol and gives the quantity each picture or symbol represents.

-

what can be either proved or disproved?

a fact

what conveys an author's personal thoughts or feelings?

an opinion

A writer will always have a _________________ before writing.

point of view

what characterizes 1st person point of view?

-lets narrators express their inner feelings/ thoughts.

-the writer writes from the perspective of I

-generally used for personal correspondence, narratives, fiction, or informal writing.

what characterizes 2nd person point of view?

- allows the writer to address the reader or audience. -characterized by the use of pronouns that directly address the audience, like "you".

what characterizes 3rd person point of view?

- does not reference the writer or the writer's audience

-uses pronouns like he, she, and they.

- types of third-person narration in fiction: third-person omniscient and third-person limited.

-most formal point of view

-places all of the focus on the meaning of the text and does not clearly share the writer's personal thoughts or feelings

-bias or prejudice can be detected in the writing, but they will not be as clearly or directly communicated as they would in first person.

the ____________ is about what the reader feels while reading the piece

mood

___________ is about how the writer's attitude about his subject or audience.

tone

The word choice and tone a writer uses when describing or addressing a particular idea, person, or group of people may be discernably positive or negative, communicating a writer's ....

biases

What ways do authors show they are bias?

-when they ignore reasonable counterarguments or distort opposing viewpoint

-when an author is purposefully or grossly unfair or inaccurate in his or her presentation

-overly critical or judgmental tone

-may be intentional or unintentional

A stereotype is like a bias in that it is a generalization, but a stereotype is applied specifically to a _________

group or place

What can word choice portray?

-A writer's signature of his or her style

-the tone of a text

-can help a writer evoke emotion from the reader in a way that helps him or her achieve their purpose for writing

The _______________ meaning of a word is the literal meaning.

denotative

The __________________ meaning goes beyond the denotative meaning to include the emotional reaction that a word may evoke.

connotative

Dictionary pages have __________, that can be found .....

-Guide words

-two words at the top of each page.

-One word is the first word listed on the page and the other word is the last word listed on the page.

language that goes beyond the literal meaning of a word or phrase is called....

figurative language

Descriptive language that evokes imagery in the reader's mind is one type of .....

figurative language

An _____________________ is another type of figurative language.

Exaggeration

What type of figurative language in which the writer equates something with another thing that is not particularly similar, instead of using like or as.

Metaphors are a way for the author to describe an item without being direct and obvious.

A metaphor

"Swaying skeletons reached for the sky and groaned as the wind blew through them."

In this example, the author is using skeletons as a ______________ for leafless trees.

metaphor

What can create a tone while inspiring the reader's imagination?

a metaphor

A __________ is a figurative expression that is similar to a metaphor, yet the expression requires the use of the distancing words like or as.

simile

"The sun was like an orange, eager as a beaver, and nimble as a mountain goat."

This is an example of a ?

simile

In a ___________, authors explicitly indicate that the description is not the same thing as the thing being described. In a ____________, there is no such distinction.

-simile

-metaphor

What type of figurative language describes a non-human thing, like an animal or an object, as if it were human and can set the tone due to it's description?

personification

if the author makes his or her main idea clear from the beginning, then the likely purpose of the text is to....

inform

If the author begins by making a claim and provides various arguments to support that claim, then the purpose is probably to....

persuade

If the author tells a story or wants to gain the reader's attention more than to push a particular point or deliver information, then his or her purpose is most likely to...

entertain

What are the 9 characteristics of informative text?

-almost always nonfiction

-rarely structured as a story

-delivers information in the most comprehensible way -clear structure

-the thesis statement is one or two sentences that normally appears at the end of the first paragraph.

-author puts more emphasis on clarity and precision

-do not typically appeal to the emotions.

-often contain facts and figures

-rarely include the opinion of the author

What are 3 identifying characteristics of persuasive writing?

-opinion presented as fact

-emotional language (pathos)

-will give an unfair explanation of opposing positions, if these positions are mentioned at all.

What are characteristics of entertaining text?

-fiction or nonfiction

-often narratives or poems

-likely to contain colorful language that engages the imagination and the emotions

-uses figurative language

-not usually written to persuade or inform, authors may accomplish both of these tasks in their work.

-may try to appeal to pathos

-entertaining texts tend to showcase the personality of the author more than other types of writing

What focuses focuses on a particular subject and attempts to depict the subject in a way that will be clear to readers?

Contain many adjectives and adverbs (i.e., words that give shades of meaning and create a more detailed mental picture for the reader)., fails when the description is unclear to the reader, and certainly may be informative/ persuasive/entertaining as well?

A descriptive text

What aims to inform and enlighten readers, is nonfiction, usually centered around a simple easily defined topic, contains helpful organizing words, like first, next, for example, and therefore, and requires active reading?

expository passage

What can be fiction or nonfiction, must have a plot(i.e., a series of events), the narrative has characters that participate in the plot, and contains figurative language?

A narrative passage

What type of passage has complex ideas that needs to be explained simply and clearly, usually proceeds in logical order, often have clear headings and subheadings, divide sections up with numbers or letters, looks like an outline, and the amount of jargon varies depending on the intended audience?

a technical passage

Readers should maintain some _____________ so that they can still evaluate the strength of the author's argument or the quality of the writing.

detachment (i.e expression of feelings writing)

What are 3 structures of text?

-problem solution

-compare contrast

-cause and effect

If the reader cannot clearly identify the author's purpose by examining the type and structure of the text, he or she can determine the author's purpose using...

discernable bias or uses a tone that makes the text seem less objective, then the text provides evidence about the author's purpose.

•The author and their purpose for writing the source

•The author's qualifications to write on the topic

•Whether the source is peer-reviewed or included in a scholarly publication

•The publisher

•The target audience

•The jargon or dialect the source is written in (e.g., academic, technical)

•The presence of bias or manipulation of information

•The date of publication

•The author's use of other sources to support their claims

•Whether any outside sources are cited appropriately in the source

•The accuracy of information presented

These are all consideration for evaluating the...

credibility of a source

What four questions should the reader ask themselves to determine the writers point of view and purpose?

-With what main point or idea does this author want to persuade readers to agree?

-How does this author's word choice affect the way that readers consider this subject?

-How do this author's choices of examples and facts affect the way that readers consider this subject?

-What is it that this author wants to accomplish by writing this text?

When asked for a conclusion look for critical "hedge" phrases such as....

as likely, may, can, will often,

predictions, conclusions, and interpretations must be supported by...

evidence from the text

A __________ is an issue, an idea, or a question raised by the text, and must also be able to be universally understood or applicable to all people.

theme

What usually asks more questions than it can answer?

a theme

one can identify ________ by constantly asking about the general issues that the text is addressing.

themes

Additionally, two texts may use the same basic plot and theme, but may present this theme using a different ________,________,__________

tone, mood, or context.

Poets are likely to address subject matter indirectly through the use of __________.

images and allusions

In a play, the author is more likely to dramatize themes by using characters to express opposing viewpoints; this disparity is known as a ......

dialectical approach

The purpose of argument and persuasion in a free society is to reach the best ___________

solution

The term___________ refers to information that supports a main point or minor points and can help lead the reader to a conclusion about the text's credibility.

text evidence

A text is credible, or believable, when its author is ________________,________________,____________________. The author's ________________ for writing the text play a critical role in determining the credibility

-knowledgeable and objective, or unbiased

-motivations

Be mindful of how an author points out flaws in counter arguments. If they are unfair to the other side of the argument, then you should lose ___________ with the author.

trust

When an argument is weak authors may try to appeal to the______________ to distract the reader

emotions of the reader

An author also might use the __________________, in which he suggests that his opinion is correct because it is held by the majority.

bandwagon approach

what contains original information that was witnessed, gathered, or otherwise produced by the source's author?

Primary sources

-first hand accounts

-books

-autobiographies

-transcripts

-speeches

-videos

-photos

-personal journals/ diaries

-records of information

-government documents

-personally-conducted research in sources like reports and essays

-academic books

-journals

-periodicals

-authoritative databases

What can be found in all the sources listed above?

Primary source

The original source may be cited, quoted, paraphrased, or described. This source could be articles, essays, videos, or books found in periodicals, magazines, newspapers, films, databases, or websites. What source references information originally provided by another source?

Secondary Source

The best ____________ are those affiliated with established institutions, like universities, public libraries, and think tanks.

internet sources

Although published journal articles listed in library databases have been reviewed and edited to be acceptable for publication, you should still evaluate them by what six criteria points?

•Source: Articles by experts in their subjects, published in scholarly journals, are more reliable. They also contain references to more publications on the same topic.

.•Length: The citation states an article's number of pages, an indication of its research utility.

•Authority: Research sources should be authoritative, written by expertsaffiliated with academic institutions.

•Date: Many research fields are constantly changing, so research must be as currentas possible. In areas with new research breakthroughs, some articles are not up to date.

•Audience:If an author wrote an article for professional colleagues, it will include subject-specific language and terminology.

•Usefulness: Evaluate whether an article is relevantto yourown research topic.

What are best three ways to organize for research ?

-Spatial organization

-Chronological organization

-Logical organization

What is useful as it lets the user "see" the information, to fix it in space. This has benefits for those individuals who are visually adept at processing information?

Spatial organization

What is the most common presentation of information. This method places information in the sequence with which it occurs, and is very useful in explaining a process that occurs in a step-by-step pattern?

Chronological organization

What includes presenting material in a logical pattern that makes intuitive sense. Some patterns that are frequently used are illustrated, definition, compare/contrast, cause/effect, problem/solution, and division/classification

Logical organization

What are six major types of logical organization that are frequently used?

-Illustrations may be used to support the thesis. Examples are the most common form of this organization.

-Definitions say what something is or is not is another way of organization. What are the characteristics of the topic?

-Dividing or classifying information into separate items according to their similarities is a common and effective organizing method. say what something is or is not is another way of organization. What are the characteristics of the topic?

-Comparing, focusing on the similarities of things, and contrasting, highlighting the differences between things is an excellent tool to use with certain kinds of information

-Cause and effect is a simple tool to logically understand relationships between things. A phenomenon may be traced to its causes for organizing a subject logically.

-Problem and solution is a simple and effective manner of logically organizing material. It is very commonly used and lucidly presents information.

What is a noun that is made up of two or more words; they are sometimes written with hyphens?

(For example, mother-in-law or court-martial)

A compound noun

To make ________________ plural, an s or es is added to the noun portion of the word.

examples: mother-in-law becomes mothers-in-law; court-martial becomes courts-martial.

A compound noun

which, that, and who can act as ...

relative pronouns

_____________ is used for things only.

Which

______________is used for people or things.

That

________________is used for people or for animals that have a name.

Who

What are words that sound alike (or similar), but they have different spellings and definitions called?

Homophones

"Too" is an

adverb

"To" is an ______________, and _______________

adverb and preposition

"There" can be an ______________,__________________,______________

adjective, adverb, or pronoun

"Their" is a ....

pronoun

"They're" is a....

contraction of they are.

"New" is an...

adjective