honors bio final

this is a study guide for freshmen honors bio final exam. could be used for AP bio (probably)

what are the 3 types of archae

1). methongens

2). extreme halophiles

3). thermoacidphiles

what are methanogens

a type of archae. likes methane; anaerobic, oxygen kills

what are extreme halophiles

a type of archae, loves salt

what are thermoacidphiles

a type of archae that loves hot acid

where are methanogens found

lower intestines and sewer treatment plants

where are extreme halophiles

dead sea, salt marshes, salt bags

where are thermoacidphiles found

volcanic vents and deep ocean vents

what are the shapes of eubacteria

1). cocci- round

2). bacilli- rod

3). spirilli- spiral

what are the colony characteristics of eubacteria

1). strepto- filament

2). staphylo- cluster

what did Anton van Leewenhoek do

he was the first to see and describe bacteria from pepper and his teeth scrappings

what were 3 things Anton van Leewenhoek say

1). “100 would not equal the length of one grain of sand”

2). “10,000 of them are in a drop of water”

3). bacteria can live and multiple with very little air

what did Anton van Leewenhoek call bacteria

animalcules

what did Robert Koch do

perfected methods of fixing and staining bacteria with dyes

what is gram staining

staining bacteria to find out whether it is gram-positive or gram-negative

how does gram staining work

gram-positive- picks up purple dye because the dye is water soluble and can get through the little fat in the cell wall

gram-negative- picks up pink from safranin because it is oil based and can get through the fat in the cell wall

what type of bacteria do antibiotics work on

gram-positive

what are viruses made of

genetic material (DNA or RNA, NEVER BOTH) and a protein

what kingdom do viruses belong in

trick question, none!

how do DNA viruses work

the DNA in the virus turns the DNA in the cell into viral DNA then viral RNA then viral protein

how do RNA viruses work

the RNA in the virus turns RNA in the cell into viral RNA then viral protein

how do RNA retrovirus work

the RNA in the virus turns the RNA in the cell into viral RNA then viral DNA then viral RNA then viral protein

why do viruses turn protein into viral protein

to make more viruses

what is tissue

a group of cells that work together for a specific function

what are the four types of tissue

1). muscle tissue

2). nervous tissue

3). epithelial tissue

4). connective tissue

what are the three types of muscle tissue

1). skeletal

2). smooth

3). cardiac

what can cells do in muscle tissue

the cells contract

what can cells do in nervous tissue

cells transmit and receive electrical impulses called neurons (messages)

what is epithelial tissue

lines covering all internal and external body structures

what is connective tissue

it is the most abundent and diverse type of tissue. the cells are embedded in a matrix

skeletal tissue

it moves bone. it is striated. and it is VOLUNTARY movement

examples of skeletal tissue

any muscle! so, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, etc

smooth tissue

it makes up internal organs. it is nonstriated. it is INVOLUNTARY movement

what are examples of smooth tissue

any internal organ, stomach, blood vessels, etc.

what is cardiac tissue

it is ONLY the heart. it is striated. it is INVOLUNTARY movement