Bio Psych Final

neuropharmacology

animals and humans

spinal cord

damage causes paralysis and numbness

meningitis

phototopia, phonophobia

language and spatial navigation areas

asymmetrical

sensory areas

symmetrical

cerebrovasculature

supplies the brain with oxygen and nutrients

meninges

surround and protect the brain

physiology

study of how living systems function

peripheral NS

all of the components of the nervous system outside the skull and spine, the nerves and ganglia

parasympathetic NS

just the parts of the NS that regulate day-to-day functions like digestion

sympathetic NS

just the parts of the NS that regulate “fight-or-flight” responses to threats and stressors

dorsal roots

afferent pathways, damage causes numbness or loss of sensory info

ventral roots

damage causes paralysis, efferent pathways, carry motor info

dura mater

outermost meningeal layer

pia mater

innermost meningeal layer

schwann cells and oligodendricytes

increase speed of axonal conduction, production of myelin

microglia

acting as the brain’s immune cells and removing microorganisms and dead and dying cells

ependymal cells

produce cerebrospinal fluid

leukodystrophy

Defective production of myelin by his oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells

ions

atoms or molecules that are charged, become charged by gaining or losing protons 

pumps

move ions against their concentration gradient, can move ions into or out of the cell, depending on the one 

Na+/K+ pump

it pumps both Na+ and K+ AGAINST their concentration gradients, it moves Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell 

non-gated K+ channel

allows K+ to move down its concentration gradient, The non-gated K+ channel does not require energy, at rest, K+ flows out of the cell through the non-gated K+ channel

resting membrane potential

non-gated K+ channel, Na+/K+ pump

pumps and ion channels

Pumps but not ion channels require energy to move ions, Both pumps and ion channels can move ions into or out of the cell, depending on the pump/ion channel and ion 

action potential propogation

During the refractory period, the previous membrane patch can't reform the action potential because the voltage-gated Na+ channels are inactivated, the action potential moves can move in only one direction, down the axon toward the synapse. 

peptide

synthesized and packaged in the cell body

synaptic transmission

voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are opened by depolarization allowing Ca2+ to flow into the cell 

ionotropic receptors

it is an ion channel that directly opens or closes and allows ions to flow into or out of the cell, they do NOT require a G protein to open or close ion channels, they are ligand-gated ion channels

EPSP

depolarization, inside of cell less negative, close K+, open Na+

IPSP

hyperpolarization, inside of cell more negative

temporal/spatial summation of multiple EPSPs

more likely to fire action potential

uptake

the transport into and deactivation of neurotransmitter by glial cells

reuptake

transporter proteins move NT back into pre-synaptic neuron axon terminal (amino acids and monoamines)

neuromodulation

It is associated with monoamines and neuropeptides, It is associated with metabotropic receptors 

classical neurotransmission

It produces a more rapid and shorter lasting electrical response, associated with amino acid and monoamine neurotransmitters

neural tube

the structure that eventually forms the spinal cord and brain

neural crest

the cells that migrate out to form the peripheral nerves

cell migration

before birth

synapotgenesis

after birth, long term memory

cell death and synaptic pruning

after birth, neurotrophins

chemoattractants and adhesion molecules

Axonal extension during morphological differentiation

master regulatory genes

chemical differentiation

defects in tangential migration

defects in peripheral nerve formation

excessive synaptic pruning

epilepsy, schizophrenia

insufficient synaptic pruning

ADHD, over-connectivity of autism, epilepsy

explicit memory

The medial temporal cortex and hippocampus, PFC, basal forebrain

implicit memory

The basal ganglia and cerebellum 

synaptic plasticity

It refers to changes in the strength of communication between neurons that can be increases or decreases, It refers to changes in the strength of communication between neurons that may involve changes to existing synapses or that involve adding new synapses. 

implicit memory amnesia

Physical trauma to the basal ganglia or cerebellum, Huntington’s disease

encoding

refers to the creation of a very transient record of the received sensory information

consolidation

short-term stabilization of memory after its initial acquisition