Vascular Supply to the brain

Lateral cortex, including Broca's and Wernicke's areas

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) territory

Medial frontal lobe, superior parietal

Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) territory

Occipital lobe and inferior temporal

Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) territory

Why does Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) matter

-language
-motor control for face
-motor control for arms

why does Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) matter

-executive function
-personality
-leg motor control

why does the Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) matter

-Vision
-memory
-reading comprehension

Arteries that are most impactful of communication, cognition, swallowing, and hearing:

-Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)
-Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA
-Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA)

is a protective arterial circle that provides collateral blood flow to the brain

Circle of Willis

why is the Circle of Willis important

helps prevent brain tissue death if one artery is blocked

the brain's ability to change, adapt, and rewire in response to experience, learning or injury

Neuroplasticity

Why does neuroplasticity matter

-damaged neurons can't always be repaired...
-but they can form new connection or reroute functions through healthy neurons
--this is how people recover lost skills like speaking, swallowing, or balance after Brain injury

Why do speech-language pathologists and audiologists play a critical role in neuroplasticity?

we help create the right conditions for the brain to change

10 principle of neuroplasticity:
1. ____ it or _____ it
2. ____ it or ____ it
3. S__________
4. S_________
5. T___________
6. I__________
7. T______
8. A____
9. R________
10. I_________

1. use it or lose it
2. use it or improve it
3. specificity
4. salience
5. Transference
6. Interference
7. time
8. age
9. repetition
10. intensity

Principles of Neuroplasticity:
____ __ _ ___ ____:
Every thought, action, or skill you practice has a specific set of connections that fire in the brain-but will stay strong if they are used. However, if you don't use them, they will fade.

use it or lose it

Principles of Neuroplasticity:
-___________
--the exercises that you do must target specific parts of your brain. You can just do random exercises.
-This is why it is important that intervention is rooted in evidence-based practices and goals are client oriented

specificity

Principles of Neuroplasticity:
-___________
--research shows that motivation helps facilitate neuroplastic changes.
--exercises should be personal and meaningful to the client.
--exercises should be flexible to client's personal life and what is inspiring them

Salience

Principles of Neuroplasticity:
-_________
--The skills that you practice in therapy with a client should result in generalization. Which means they can _______ from situation to situation.

Transference

Principles of Neuroplasticity:
-______
--we have the potential to learn new skills or re-learn lost skills at anytime in our life.

age
-brains are more plastic the younger you are but we still have neuroplasticity in adulthood

Signs of a stroke
-B______
-E________
-F_______
-A______
-S______
-T_______

-Balance
-eyes
-face
-arms
-speech
-time to call 911

Signs of stroke

-sudden loss of balance or coordination
-sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes
-facial drooping or uneven smile
-arm weakness or numbness, especially on one side
-slurred speech, trouble speaking, or understanding

Features of a stroke that determine the functions that are affected

-type
-location
-duration of oxygen loss
-size

Why does "time" matter so much in cases of a stroke?

-time is brain
--brain cells die within minutes
--Faster treatment = better recovery
--tPA must be given within 3-4.5 hours

cause of ischemic stroke

blockage (most common 87%)

cause of hemorrhagic stroke

ruptured blood vessel

which type of stroke is typically focal

ischemic

which type of stroke is typically diffuse or wide spread

Hemorrhagic

which type of strokes prognosis is typically more predictable

ischemic

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
--skull is penetrated

open

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
--Skull remains intact, but brain is still injured

closed

Traumatic Brain Injury
--Brain injury at the site of impact

coup

Traumatic Brain Injury
--Injury on the opposite side of impact (Brain rebounds inside the skull)

countercoup

Which type of TBI:
-A mild TBI; often does not show on imaging
-Symptoms may include dizziness, memory problems, and slowed thinking

Concussion

Which type of TBI:
-caused by shearing forces in the brain (often from car accident or falls)
-Leads to widespread disconnection between brain regions, affecting cognition, speech, and behavior

Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)

abnormal growths that may be benign or malignant

Brain tumors

Symptoms of brain tumors are depended on what

location

An individual with a brain tumor in the frontal lobe may experience differences in their:

-Personality
-attention
-motor function

An individual with a brain tumor in the temporal lobe may experience difference in their:

-hearing
-memory
-language

How is a stroke/TBI different from a brain tumor

A brain tumor typically has a gradual onset of symptoms compared to a sudden onset of symptoms with TBI/stroke