ANTH Final

What is the primary focus of supply-side strategies in the War on Drugs?

To address the supply of drugs through production and sales.

What does 'internal colonialism' refer to?

An uneven structural power within different areas of a state, where exploitation comes from within.

What was Plan Colombia?

A US initiative providing military aid, training, and equipment to Colombia to combat drug trafficking.

What are the effects of glyphosate herbicides used in aerial spraying in South America?

Chronic low-dose effects on humans and animals, shifts in microbial communities, and potential for antibiotic resistance.

What leads to the power vacuum in drug trafficking?

When a powerful individual loses control and no one immediately replaces them.

How often is someone arrested for drug possession in the US?

Every 25 seconds.

What are racial disparities in drug arrests revealing about Black Americans?

They are 4 times more likely to be arrested for marijuana charges despite similar usage rates.

What is a key argument against the effectiveness of incarceration in managing substance abuse?

Incarceration has little impact on substance abuse rates and is linked to increased mortality from overdose.

What were the estimated costs of the War on Drugs since 1971?

Approximately $1 trillion.

What is the role of drug courts in the US?

To provide treatment and supportive services instead of incarceration for drug offenders.

What is the aim of the Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion (LEAD) programs?

To divert low-level offenders to treatment or social services rather than arrest.

What are the three main types of diabetes?

Type 1 (T1D), Type 2 (T2D), and gestational diabetes.

How does insulin function in the body?

It signals cells to store glucose or convert it into glycogen, and reduces glucose release from the liver.

What notable event happened in the 1970s regarding insulin synthesis?

Scientists discovered how to fully synthesize insulin in a lab.

What is the relationship between insulin pricing and pharmaceutical companies in the US?

Insulin pricing increased dramatically due to limited competition and extended patents.

What is the significant issue surrounding insulin rationing in the US?

Many individuals cut back on insulin use to delay purchases, risking serious health complications.

What historical advancement in ADHD medication occurred in the 1930s?

The approval of Benzedrine, which was initially used as an inhaled decongestant and later observed to improve behavior in children.

What did the DSM III, released in 1980, rename regarding ADHD?

The hyperkinetic reaction of childhood was renamed to attention deficit disorder (ADD).

What is the cultural context of ADHD diagnoses in the US?

There was a significant rise in ADHD diagnoses beginning in the 1990s, attributed to better awareness and improved diagnostic practices.

What are some key concepts associated with drug-related stigma?

Fat stigma, moral judgments around drug use, and social biases that create negative perceptions.

What does the term 'neoliberalism' refer to?

An economic philosophy promoting unregulated free market capitalism and emphasizing individual responsibility.

What historical factor is linked to rising overdose deaths in the US?

The increase in synthetic opioids, such as fentanyl.

Scientific difficulties including identifying new chemical matter with unique properties required and funding and lack of financial incentives are two explanations for…

The lack of development of new antibiotics.

This drug is what keeps diabetics alive but costs an exorbitant amount in the US

Insulin

Naming this as a sixth vital sign helped set the stage for the opioid crisis

Pain

This opiate alkaloid is chemically similar to morphine and codeine but can be used to produce naloxone

Thebaine

This synthetic opioid has led to a surge in deaths since its introduction

Fentanyl

The fact that people internalize surveillance and self-regulate is a lesson of this metaphor from Foucault

The Panopticon

Because we don’t know their long-term effects, it is possible that Ozempic and Wegovy can be considered in this phase of clinical trials which can take place after the drug is available

Phase 4

The birth control pill, insulin, and growth hormone treatment all show that hormones can be…

Drugs

What neurotransmitter do most antidepressants work to increase?

Serotonin

In Japan depression manifests in a unique form and is associated with…

Overwork

The underlying physiological basis of depression is a depletion in the levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine in the central nervous system is called

The monoamine hypothesis.

What type of drug is usually treated to treat ADHD?

Amphetamines

This is the pleasure center of the brain that is implicated in addiction

The nucleus accumbens.

This condition puts people at risk of drug relapse

Stress

This understanding of addiction sees drug use as a distinctive subculture

The life style model

These two neurotransmitters are involved in the biology of addiction

Dopamine and glutamate

This president officially started the War on Drugs

Richard Nixon

This represents one of the most significant domestic impacts of the war on drugs

Mass incarceration

The largest and most troublesome domestic effect of the US war on drugs that has a negligible effect on public safety

Mass incarceration