2.2 the theories of learning

Define operant conditioning

The use of reinforcement to ensure correct responses are repeated.

How does a coach use operant conditioning

• coach would use a manipulative approach, ensuring skills are learned.

• Successful actions by athletes are rewarded so they are more likely to be repeated

Explain behaviourist theory

Attempts to explain how actions can be linked to stimuli

Explain what skinner did for operant conditioning

• Skinner box - cage fitted with a leaver

• Rat was rewarded every time it was touched.

• Rat started as an accident but quickly learned to hit the lever to gain a reward

Three characteristics for operant conditioning

• based on trial and error

• Shapes behaviour

• Manipulates environment

What’s the principle of operant conditioning

Reinforced actions are strengthened and incorrect actions are weakened

Define satisfier

Action that promotes pleasant feeling so actions are repeated

Define annoyer

Action that creates unease to promote the avoidance for a correct response.

What is stimulus-response bond

• the mental link between a stimulus and the response

Define positive reinforcement

Strengthening the bond by giving a reward for a correct response.

Define negative reinforcement

Strengthening the bond by removing unpleasant stimulus when the correct response is shown.

Define punishment

Weakening an incorrect S-R bond by giving a negative consequence

With operant conditioning what types of practice may involved

• whole/whole-part-whole (isolate key aspects of task - manipulate environment)

• Mental practice (go over correct aspects of task in mind to help shape behaviour )

Define observational learning

• both acceptable and unacceptable can be learned by watching then copying others

How would a coach use observational learning

• uses it to ensure that the demonstrations and role models used to show skills during practice are successfully copied by players.

What scientist is related with observational learning

Bandura

What are the 4 processes that Bandura said if a coach uses, then a player is more likely to copy a demo.

• attention

• Retention

• Motor production

• Motivation

Define and explain ATTENTION in terms of observational learning

• making the demo attractive to the performer

• The more attractive the demo the more likely to be copied

How would a coach emphasise ATTENTION (observational learning)

• make model stand out, make it loud, bright to make it more memorable to the learner.

Define and explain RETENTION in terms of (observational learning)

• remembering the demonstration and being able to recall it

• Learner observes skill and attempts it themselves ASAP after viewing it so the demonstrations is fresh in memory

How would a coach emphasise RETENTION (observational learning)

• use role modes or experts to help ensure an accurate demo

Define and explain MOTOR PROGRAMMES in terms of (observational learning)

• having the mental and physical ability to do the task

• Success made by setting easy tasks then making progress as task becomes more complicated

Define and explain MOTIVATION in terms of (observational learning)

• the drive needed to copy the demonstrations

• Praise and rewards to increase/maintain motivation

Give. Ways in which the model demos are more likely to be copied

• if they’re performed by a player of similar ability

• They are reinforced

• They are powerful, visually and physically

• They are consistent

• They are relevant

Explain social development theory

• Vygotsky looked at the development of kids to decide that interactions with others play a vital role in learning

Who is used in social development theory

• more knowledgeable others

• Egs(teachers or coaches)

Define social development

Learning by association with others

Define and explain with egs inter-psycological learning

• Learning from others externally

• When the learner uses the more knowledgable others to get advice, feedback and tactical knowledge

Define intra-psychological learning

• learning from within after gaining external knowledge from others

Define constructivism

• building up learning in stages, based on the current level of of performance

What is the zone of proximal development

• an assessment of what they need to do next to learn the skil

What are the three stages of proximal development

1) what can i do alone?

2) what can i do with help?

3) what can i not do yet?

Define insight learning

Using experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the whole skill

Define insight learning in terms of sport

• the performer uses existing knowledge to form an idea of how to deal with problematic sporting situations

How does insight theory help with intrinsic motivation

• since the solution or tactic has been worked out by the athlete it may provide a sense of self-satisfaction and intrinsic motivation

Features of insight learning

• concentrates on whole task so good to use in realistic situations closely linked to game

How does insight learning help develop cognitive processes

Insight approach poses questions but is not trial and error so it encourages the performer to think for themselves and therefore develops cognitive processes

Disadvantage of insight learning

May not work out for a novice as they may not have enough experience to generate their own solutions to sporting problems