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Macromolecules

Large molecules composed of thousnnads of covalently connected atoms

Polymer

Long molecule consisting of similar building blocks.

Monomers

Single building blocks

Organic Molecules that are Polymers

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Condensation/dehydration reaction

Two monomoers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

Enzyme

Macromolecules that speed up the dehydration/condensation process

Hydrolysis

Opposite of dehydration reaction

Monosaccharide

CH2O

Aldose

C=O

Ketoses

C-O

Carbohydrate

Sugar and the polymers of sugars.

When do linear structures turn to rings?

When it is dissolved in water.

Covalent bond between two monosaccharides

Glycosidic Linkage/bond

Polysaccharides

Polymers of sugars that have storage and structural roles.

Does chitin have nitrogen?

Yes

Starch

A storage polysaccharide of plants, made entirely of glucose monomers.

Glycogen

Storage polysaccharide in animals (Mostly in liver and muscle cells)

Amylose

Linear

Amylopectin

Branched

Cellulose

Polymer of glucose.

Beta vs Alpha Glucose

Alpha glucose has the OH on carbon 1 opposite to the CH₂OH group, while beta glucose has the OH on carbon 1 on the same side as the CH₂OH group.

Alpha Glucose

helical

Beta Glucose

Straight

Chitin Role

Structural polysaccharide found inthe exoskeleton of arthropods and structural support for the cell walls of many fungi.

Lipids

A class of biological molecules that do not form polymers. Hydrophobic because they contain hydrocarbons.

Important Lipids

Fats, phospholipids, steroids

Fats

Glycerol and fatty acids

Glycerol

A 3 carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon.

Fatty acid

Carboxyl group attacked to a carbon skeleton

Ester bond

hydroxyl and carboxyl group

Triacylglycerol

3 fatty acids joined to glycerol.

Saturated Fatty Acids

Maximum number of hydrogen atoms with no double bonds.

Unsaturated fatty acids

One or more double bonds

Straight fats

Saturated Fats

Liquid fats

Unsaturated Fats

Are most animal fats saturated?

Yes

Function of fats

Energy storage. Stored in adipose cells in humans.

Hydrogenation

The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen. (Trans fats)

Phospholipid

2 fatty acids and a phosphate gorup attached to a glycerol.

When Phosphlipids are added to water, they form a bilater. True or false

True

Steroids

Lipids characterized by carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings.

Cholestrol

A steroid that is a main component in animal cell membranes.

Enymes

Catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions

Polypeptides

Polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids.

Protein

Consist of one or more polypeptides

Amino Acid

Organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups.

What bonds are amino acids linked by?

Peptide bonds

Primary structure

Sequence of amino acids

Secondary Structure

Coiils and folds in polypeptide chain through h-bonds in NH-CO

Tertiary structure

Determined by R group interactions

Quaternary structure

Protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains

Types of Secondary Structure

Alpha helix, beta pleated sheet.

Disulfide bridges

Reinforces protein structure through strong covalent bonds

Hemoglobin

2 alph and 2 beta chains

Denaturation

Changes in pH, salt concentration, temperature, and other factors.

Chaperonins

Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins.

X-ray crystallography

Determines a protein's structure

Genes are made of

Nucleic acids

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA, Sugar

Ribonucleic acid

RNA, Sugar

Where does protein synthesis occur?

Ribosomes

Nucleic acids are polymers called polynucleotides that are made of monomers named nucleotides, which consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

Nucleoside

Nucleotide without phosphate group

T/F. Guanine does not have an oxygen.

False

Chargaff's rule

Concentration of base pairs are always close to equal.