PTRS 710 Advanced Topics in Human Anatomy KUMC

Which describes movement in which the posterior surfaces of adjacent segments are brought closer together?

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

Extension

When referencing anatomical position, in which direction do the palms face?

Inward

Forward

Outward

Backward

Forward

Which surrounds individual muscle fibers?

Deep fascia

Endomysium

Epimysium

Perimysium

Endomysium

Coronal and transverse plane movements are coupled so that they occur toward the __________ side in the upper cervical spine and the __________ side in the lower cervical spine.

opposite, same

same, same

opposite, opposite

same, opposite

opposite, same

Joint capsules are considered __________ vascularized and __________ innervated.

poorly, highly

highly, poorly

highly, highly

poorly, poorly

highly, highly

Hyaline cartilage is considered __________ vascularized and __________ innervated.

poorly, highly

highly, poorly

highly, highly

poorly, poorly

poorly, poorly

Secondary curvatures occur in the __________ and __________ regions of the vertebral column.

sacral, thoracic

cervical, lumbar

cervical, thoracic

sacral, lumbar

cervical, lumbar

Primary curvatures occur in the __________ and __________ regions of the vertebral column.

sacral, thoracic

cervical, lumbar

cervical, thoracic

sacral, lumbar

sacral, thoracic

In which plane is the atlanto-occipital joint structured to allow the greatest amount of movement?

Coronal

Sagittal

Transverse

Sagittal

Which type of synovial joint allows for the greatest freedom of movement?

Condyloid

Ball and socket

Hinge

Pivot

Ball and socket

Which type of synovial joint allows for the least amount of freedom of movement?

Condyloid

Ball and socket

Hinge

Pivot

Hinge

Which term means toward the tail?

Rostral

Cranial

Caudal

Caudal

Which term means toward the head?

Rostral

Cranial

Caudal

Cranial

Which term means toward the nose?

Rostral

Cranial

Caudal

Rostral

The inferior border of an intervertebral foramen is formed by the __________ vertebral notch of the __________ vertebra of the motion segment.

superior, superior

superior, inferior

inferior, inferior

inferior, superior

superior, inferior

The superior border of an intervertebral foramen is formed by the __________ vertebral notch of the __________ vertebra of the motion segment.

superior, superior

superior, inferior

inferior, inferior

inferior, superior

inferior, superior

Following radiation treatments and surgery for throat cancer, your patient exhibits paralysis of the trapezius. Which nerve was most likely injured?

Dorsal scapular nerve

Thoracodorsal nerve

Posterior rami of adjacent spinal nerves

Spinal accessory nerve

Spinal accessory nerve

Your patient exhibits paralysis of the rhomboid muscles. Which nerve was most likely injured?

Dorsal scapular nerve

Thoracodorsal nerve

Posterior rami of adjacent spinal nerves

Spinal accessory nerve

Dorsal scapular nerve

Your patient exhibits paralysis of the lattisimus dorsi. Which nerve was most likely injured?

Dorsal scapular nerve

Thoracodorsal nerve

Posterior rami of adjacent spinal nerves

Spinal accessory nerve

thoracodorsal nerve

Which spans two to four vertebral levels and functions primarily as in dynamic stabilization?

Multifidus

Longissimus thoracis

Intertransversarii

Rectus capitis posterior major

Multifides

Which type of joint is characterized by adjacent bones linked by sheets of fibrous tissue?

Synchondrosis

Syndesmosis

Synovial

Symphysis

Syndesmosis

Which refers to a type of contraction occurring as muscles are lengthening.

Isometric

Concentric

Eccentric

Eccentric

Which refers to a type of contraction occurring as muscles are shortening?

Isometric

Concentric

Eccentric

Concentric

Vertebrae from which region exhibit foramina through their transverse processes as well as bifid spinous processes?

Thoracic

Cervical

Lumbar

Sacral

Cervical

Which attaches to the cranium?

Obliquus capitis inferior

Splenius capitis

Iliocostalis cervicis

Levator scapulae

Splenius capitis

Which attaches between the laminae of adjacent vertebrae?

Ligamentum nuchae

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Ligamentum flavum

Ligamentum flavum

Which bony feature projects from the junction of laminae?

Spinous process

Inferior articular process

Transverse process

Superior articular process

Spinous process

Which bony feature projects laterally from the pedicle?

Spinous process

Inferior articular process

Transverse process

Superior articular process

transverse process

Intervertebral discs are best classified as which type?

Cartilaginous symphysis

Cartilaginous synchondrosis

Synovial pivot joints

Synovial plane joints

Cartilaginous symphysis

The median atlanto-axial joint is best classified as which type?

Cartilaginous symphysis

Cartilaginous synchondrosis

Synovial pivot joint

Synovial plane joint

Synovial pivot joints

Uncovertebral joints are present at what levels of the spine?

CO-1 (atlanto-occipital) through C1-2 (atlanto-axial)

C7-T1 through T1-2

C2-3 through C6-7

T2-3 through T6-7

C2-3 through C6-7

Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?

Transverse

Coronal

Sagittal

Coronal

Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts?

Transverse

Coronal

Sagittal

Transverse

Which plane divides the body into left and right sections

Transverse

Coronal

Sagittal

Sagittal

As you reach up to scratch the side of your head just above your right ear with the tip of your right index finger, which best describes the anatomical relationship of the tip of your index finger to your right ear?

Inferior and lateral

Superior and medial

Inferior and medial

Superior and lateral

Inferior and lateral (from anatomical position!!!!!!!)

Which provides a resilient low-friction surface to provide cushioning and to facilitate sliding between bones within joints?

Hyaline cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Perichondrium

Periosteum

Hyaline cartilage

Which provides a resilient surface to provide cushioning for joints and reduce stress on joints?

Hyaline cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Perichondrium

Periosteum

Fibrocartilage

Which label best describes the intervertebral disc attached to the superior surface of the vertebral body of T3?

T1-2

T3

T2

T2-3

T2-3

The thoracolumbar fascia has attachments to the __________ of the superficial back and the __________ of the abdominal wall.

rhomboids, rectus abdominis

latissimus dorsi, transversus abdominis

latissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis

rhomboids, transversus abdominis

latissimus dorsi, transversus abdominis

From which direction can a sagittal section be viewed?

Right or left

Above or below

Front or back

Right or left

The tip of the thumb is __________ and __________ relative to the shoulder.

proximal, lateral

distal, medial

distal, lateral

proximal, medial

distal, lateral

You are seeing a patient who sustained an injury to the transverse ligament of the atlas and is now exhibiting atlanto-axial instability. Which movement of the atlas on the axis is most likely to be excessive?

Posterior translation

Anterior translation

Rotation

Lateral translation

Anterior translation

An injury of the right alar ligament is most likely to result in excessive __________ lateral flexion and __________ rotation of the upper cervical spine.

ipsilateral, ipsilateral

ipsilateral, contralateral

contralateral, ipsilateral

contralateral, contralateral

Contralateral, contralateral

Which is structured to produced contralateral rotation of the vertebral column?

Interspinales

Multifidus

Spinalis thoracis

Splenius cervicis

Multifidus

Interspinales (extension)

Spinalis thoracis (extension, ips lateral flex)

splenius cervicis (ext, ips rotation)

The autonomic nervous system is the __________division of the __________ nervous system.

motor, somatic

motor, visceral

sensory, somatic

sensory, visceral

motor, visceral

Tracts within the central nervous system are comprised of __________ matter which is made of the __________ of neurons.

gray, axons

gray, cell bodies

white, axons

white, cell bodies

white matter, axons

Nuclei within the central nervous system are comprised of __________ matter which is made of the __________ of neurons.

gray, axons

gray, cell bodies

white, axons

white, cell bodies

gray matter, cell bodies

Which best describes sensory impulses being transmitted from the periphery toward the central nervous system?

Afferent

Efferent

Ifferent

Offerent

Ufferent

Afferent (Arriving)

Which best describes motor impulses being transmitted from the central toward the peripheral nervous system?

Afferent

Efferent

Ifferent

Offerent

Ufferent

Efferent (Exiting)

Which nerve pathways are involved with sensation from organs?

Visceral afferent

Visceral efferent

Somatic afferent

Somatic efferent

Visceral afferent

Which is signaled in response to tissue threat or damage?

Nociception

Proprioception

Temperature

Touch

Nociception

Which is signaled in response to awareness of position?

Nociception

Proprioception

Temperature

Touch

Proprioception

A physical therapist is examining a patient who sustained an incomplete spinal cord injury affecting the spinothalamic tract. This tract__________ the spinal cord carrying __________ impulses.

ascends, sensory

ascends, motor

descends, sensory

descends, motor

ascends, sensory

A physical therapist is examining a patient who sustained an incomplete spinal cord injury affecting the lateral corticospinal tract. This tract__________ the spinal cord carrying __________ impulses.

ascends, sensory

ascends, motor

descends, sensory

descends, motor

descends, motor

In performing an anesthetic block of the L4 spinal nerve, a nurse anesthetist targets the __________ intervertebral foramen __________ the L4 vertebra.

L3-4, above

L3-4, below

L4-5, above

L4-5, below

L4-L5, below

An athletic trainer is examining an athlete who sustained an upper limb traction injury - or "stinger" - during a football game in the prior week. They find diminished sensation in the lateral arm, weakness with shoulder abduction and elbow flexion, and a hyporeflexive biceps brachii reflex. Which spinal nerve is most likely involved?

C4

C5

C6

C7

C5

Sympathetic nervous system activity tends to __________ heart rate and __________ peristalsis.

increase, decrease

decrease, increase

decrease, decrease

increase, increase

increase, decrease

Parasympathetic nervous system activity tends to __________ heart rate and __________ peristalsis.

increase, decrease

decrease, increase

decrease, decrease

increase, increase

decrease, increase

When pathological, which response with muscle stretch reflex testing is always a result of a central nervous system disorder?

Hyporeflexia

Hyperreflexia

Areflexia

Hyperreflexia

Which response with muscle stretch reflex testing is a result of the interruption of a stimulus signal through somatic afferent fibers or response signal through somatic efferent fibers

Hyporeflexia

Hyperreflexia

Areflexia

Hyporeflexia

Which response with muscle stretch reflex testing is a result of a complete lesion of a peripheral nerve.

Hyporeflexia

Hyperreflexia

Areflexia

Areflexia

A patient sustains an injury to the white matter of their spinal cord. Which best describes the structures involved?

Ganglion

Nucleus

Tracts

Lemniscus

Tracts

A patient sustains an injury to the gray matter of their spinal cord. Which best describes the structures involved?

Ganglion

Nucleus

Tract

Lemniscus

nucleus

Your patient is unable to discern the position of their upper limb in space. Which type of sensation is impaired?

Proprioception

Nociception

Crude touch

Discriminative touch

Proprioception

Somatic efferent neuron cell bodies are found in the __________ horn of the spinal cord and convey neural impulses __________ the central nervous system.

lateral, toward

anterior, away from

anterior, toward

lateral, away from

anterior, away from

Sensory nerve cell bodies develop in which location?

Neural groove

Ventral neural tube

Neural crests

Dorsal neural tube

neural crests

Your patient presents with diminished sensation through the medial forearm, finger adduction weakness, and no muscle stretch reflex impairments. Which is most likely affected by a lesion?

Posterior root of T1

Posterior ramus of T1

Anterior ramus of T1

Anterior root of T1

Anterior ramus of T1

At which site are the cell bodies of visceral afferent fibers found?

Posterior root ganglion

Lateral horn

Sympathetic ganglion

Posterior horn

Posterior root ganglion (dorsal)

Sensation of the pad of the middle finger is most readily associated with which segmental spinal level?

C6

C7

C8

C5

C7

The cell bodies of which visceral efferent fibers are found in ganglia close to the effector organs which they innervate?

Pre-ganglionic sympathetic

Post-ganglionic sympathetic

Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic

Post-ganglionic parasympathetic

post-ganglionic parasympathetic

Which type of signal transmission is most typical in the human nervous system?

Thermal

Chemical

Electrical

Mechanical

Chemical

Which region of the spinal cord has the greatest number of spinal cord segments?

Lumbar

Sacral

Cervical

Thoracic

Thoracic

Which remains imperforated in the extraction of cerebrospinal fluid from within the vertebral canal?

Ligamentum flavum

Pia mater

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

The anterior ramus of which spinal nerve innervates its target structures without first intermixing in with other anterior rami in a nerve plexus?

L3

T3

C3

S3

T3

The anterior spinal artery typically arises from the __________.

Aorta

Segmental arteries

Basilar artery

Vertebral arteries

Vertebral arteries

The brachiocephalic trunk typically arises from the ___________.

Aorta

Segmental arteries

Basilar artery

Vertebral arteries

Aorta

Your patient presents with a lesion affecting the posterior nerve root of C4. Which clinical signs do you expect?

Diminished sensation in the supraclavicular region

Weakness with shoulder abduction

Weakness with elbow extension

Diminished sensation in the lateral arm

Diminished sensation in the supraclavicular region

Your patient presents with a lesion affecting the posterior nerve root of C5. Which clinical signs do you expect?

Diminished sensation in the supraclavicular region

Weakness with shoulder abduction

Weakness with elbow extension

Diminished sensation in the lateral arm

Diminished sensation in the lateral arm

Your patient presents with a lesion affecting the anterior nerve root of C5. Which clinical signs do you expect?

Diminished sensation in the supraclavicular region

Weakness with shoulder abduction

Weakness with elbow extension

Diminished sensation in the lateral arm

Weakness with shoulder abduction

Your patient presents with a lesion affecting the anterior nerve root of C7. Which clinical signs do you expect?

Diminished sensation in the supraclavicular region

Weakness with shoulder abduction

Weakness with elbow extension

Diminished sensation in the lateral arm

Weakness with elbow extension

Which provides sensory and motor innervation to the structures of the back?

Anterior rami

Anterior roots

Posterior rami

Posterior roots

Posterior rami

Which myotome is best represented with resisted testing of knee extension?

L3

L4

L2

S2

L3

Which myotome is best represented with resisted testing of hip flexion?

L3

L4

L2

S1

L2

Which myotome is best represented with resisted testing of great toe extension?

S2

L4

S1

L5

L5

Which myotome is best represented with resisted testing of ankle dorsiflexion?

S2

L4

L3

S1

L4

Which myotome is best represented with resisted testing of great toe flexion?

L3

S1

L5

S2

S2

Which myotome is best represented with resisted testing of ankle plantar flexion and foot eversion?

S1

L4

S2

L5

S1

Ascending tracts of the spinal cord conduct __________ signals and their names commonly __________ with a location in the brain.

sensory, brain

motor, brain

sensory, spinal cord

motor, spinal cord

sensory, brain

The anterior ramus of which spinal nerve is part of the brachial plexus?

T4

T1

C4

C1

T1

The anterior ramus of which spinal nerve is part of the lumbar plexus?

T12

S1

S2

S3

T12

Following trauma, your patient is exhibiting signs indicating injury of the cauda equina. Injury to which type of structure has occurred?

Spinal nerves

Spinal cord

Nerve roots

Rami

nerve roots

Which best identifies the site where axons cross from right to left and left to right within the spinal cord?

Central canal

Anterior commissure

Anterior median fissure

Posterior median sulcus

Anterior commissure

Your patient sustained a spinal cord injury affecting the right spinothalamic and lateral corticospinal tracts. Below the level of the lesion, you expect sensory impairments on the __________ and motor impairments on the __________.

left, left

right, right

right, left

left, right

left, right

You are treating a patient for radiculopathy involving the C6 spinal nerve. Which best describes the site where this structure exits the vertebral canal?

Below C7 vertebra

Below C6 vertebra

Above C6 vertebra

Above C5 vertebra

Above C6 vertebra

Which is a function of the somatic nervous system?

Motor supply to heart

Unconscious sensation from digestive tract

Motor supply to sweat glands

Conscious sensation from ligaments

Conscious sensation from ligaments

Which is a function of the visceral/autonomic nervous system?

Motor supply to the skin

Unconscious sensation from ligaments

Motor supply to skeletal muscles

Conscious sensation from ligaments

Unconscious sensation from ligaments

Your patient presents with diminished sensation over the lateral foot, ankle plantar flexion weakness, and a hyporeflexive gastrocnemius and soleus muscle stretch reflex. Which spinal nerve is most likely affected by a lesion?

L2

L1

S1

S2

S1

Your patient presents with diminished sensation over the medial toe, great toe flexion weakness, and a non-effected muscle stretch reflex. Which spinal nerve is most likely affected by a lesion?

L2

L1

S1

S2

S2

Your patient presents with no cutaneous sensory impairments, ankle dorsiflexion weakness, and a hyporeflexive response with muscle stretch reflex testing of the quadriceps. Which structure is most likely affected by a lesion?

Posterior root of L3

Posterior root of L4

Anterior root of L4

Anterior root of L3

Anterior root of L4

Your patient presents with diminished sensation over the anterior proximal thigh, hip flexor weakness, and a non-affected muscle stretch reflex. Which spinal nerve is most likely affected by a lesion?

L2

L1

S1

S2

L2