Energy Flow Unit Practice Flashcards

A set of fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering biochemical reactions, enzymes, ATP, energy flow in ecosystems, and the carbon and nitrogen cycles based on the lecture notes.

Metabolism consists of all the __________ within each cell of an organism to provide energy for life's processes.

chemical reactions

According to the law of conservation of energy, no energy in a system is lost; it just __________ forms.

changes

__________ reactions break down larger molecules into simpler compounds, resulting in a release of energy.

Catabolic

The amount of energy needed to make a chemical reaction start is known as __________.

activation energy

An __________ reaction absorbs energy in the form of heat or light, resulting in more energy in the products than the reactants.

endothermic

Enzymes are specialized proteins that serve as __________ to speed up biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

catalysts

Once a substrate connects to an enzyme's active site, the bind tightens; this process is called __________.

induced fit

High temperature, extreme pH changes, or ion strength can cause an enzyme to undergo __________, losing its specific shape and biological activity.

denaturation

A __________ slows down a reaction by competing with the substrate for the active site on the enzyme.

competitive inhibitor

ATP is the main energy currency for the cell and stores energy in the high-energy bonds held between __________ phosphate groups.

3

In the ATP-ADP cycle, energy is released for cell processes when a __________ is removed from ATP.

phosphate group

Among carbon-based molecules, __________ provide $9\,cal/g$ of energy but are broken down after carbohydrates.

lipids

Organisms that get energy from nonliving sources, such as plants and algae, are called __________ or autotrophs.

producers

The process of __________ uses chemicals like sulfur and methane as a source of energy instead of sunlight.

chemosynthesis

In a food chain, the next organism only receives __________ of the energy from the previous level because the rest is used for metabolism or lost as heat.

10 percent

The overall process of photosynthesis converts sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into chemical energy stored in __________.

glucose

The fluid-like substance that fills the space between the grana in a chloroplast is called the __________.

stroma

Chlorophyll absorbs every color of light in sunlight except __________, which is reflected and gives plants their color.

green

The first stage of cellular respiration is __________, which splits a 6-carbon molecule of glucose into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate.

glycolysis

In the absence of oxygen, animal cells go through __________ fermentation, converting pyruvate into energy and Waste.

lactic acid

The process of __________ involves nitrogen-fixing bacteria converting nitrogen gas from the air into ammonia or ammonium in the soil.

nitrogen fixation

Nitrate is converted back into nitrogen gas by __________ bacteria, which perform best in low-oxygen environments like waterlogged soils.

denitrifying

The __________ are the largest reservoir of carbon dioxide on Earth, holding approximately $60,000,000\,Gt$ of carbon.

rocks