Chemistry 2026 Final Exam Study guide

Matter

Anything with mass and volume

Mass

Amount of matter

Volume

Amount of space something takes up

Density

Mass ÷ volume

Physical Property

Observed without changing substance

Chemical Property

Ability to form new substances

Element

Pure substance made of one atom type

Compound

Two or more elements chemically combined

Mixture

Substances physically mixed together

Homogeneous Mixture

Evenly mixed

Heterogeneous Mixture

Unevenly mixed

Filtration

Method of separating mixtures

Distillation

Method of separating mixtures

Chromatography

Method of separating mixtures

Evaporation

Method of separating mixtures

Density Formula

D = m/V

Significant Figures Rule

Nonzero numbers are significant

Scientific Notation Example

4500 = 4.5×10^3

Atomic Number

Number of protons

Mass Number

Protons + neutrons

Isotopes

Same element with different neutrons

Valence Electrons

Outer shell electrons

Ion Formation

Metals lose electrons → positive ions

Electron Configuration Example

Sodium: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹

Ionic Bond

Metal + nonmetal, electrons transferred

Covalent Bond

Nonmetal + nonmetal, electrons shared

Metallic Bond

Metals, sea of electrons

Ionic Compound Naming

Metal + nonmetal, no prefixes

Covalent Compound Prefixes

mono = 1, di = 2, tri = 3, tetra = 4

Mole

1 mole = 6.022×10^23 particles

Boyle's Law

P1V1 = P2V2, pressure and volume are inverse

Charles's Law

T1V1 = T2V2, volume and temperature are direct