Lesson 84 herd management

shipping fever-Bovine respiratory disease complex

general term for respiratory disease in cattle

bacteria commonly associated

-mannheimia haemolytica

-pasteurella multocida

-histophilis somni

-mycoplasma bovis

signa of BRD-bovine respiratory disease

lethargy, depression, dullness, discharge from eyes, nose, drooling, coughing, labored breathing, death

diagnosis BRD

signs, nasal swabs/ culture, PCR

Prevention/ control of BRD

early detection+treatment

biosecurity, stress management

vaccination

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

bacteria causing swine respiratory disease

-very contagious

cause: poor ventilated overcrowded environment

signs: sneezing, coughing, reduced growth rate, death

prevention and control of actinobacillus pleruopneumonia (pleuropneumonia)

improve ventilation

vaccine→ reduces severity of diseasepas

pasteurella multocida

porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC)

colibacillosis-E. coli

cattle, pigs, lambs

neonatal diarrhea

diagnosis E. coli

history, culture feces, cytology, API strips (identifies colonies)

confirmation test: agglutination test or PCR

prevention and control E. coli

hygiene/ sanitation, reduce overcrowding

vaccinate dam

colostrum for neonate

Salmonella enterica

causes enteritis-diarrhea, mucus, fibrin, blood

-hypersecretion, malabsorption and exudation

-death in foals

Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease)

bacteria: M. avium

species: cattle(mostly young), goats sheep

signs: chronic diarrhea

-can be asymptomatic shedders but signs appear after 2 yrs old

-clinical signs severe in older cattle

transmission: slow spread, oral (eating contaminated feed or milk or feces

diagnosis of Johne’s disease-paratuberculosis

fecal smear→ clumps pink bacilli

culture and PCR

Johnin skin test

-single test alone not good enough, ideal is culture+ ELISA

prevention and control of Johne’s disease

test annually, cull positives

add calcium oxide/ lime to feces

separate newborn calves

NO TREATMENT/ ABX

common baacteria GI infection in pigs

swine dysentry

bacteria: brachyspira hydosenteria

signs: diarrhea, reduced growth rate post weaned pigs, sudden death

transmission: rodent vectors

preventative/ control swine dysentery

reduce stock density, hygeine, rodent control

ABX in water, feed, inj

Lawsonia intracellularis (swine)

gram negative, highly pathogenic, NOT culturable. proliferative enteropathy

causes: hyperplasia enterocytes, thickening intestinal walls, stiffening and reduced flexibility

-acute hemorrhagic form: procine hemorrhagic enteropathy

-chronic proliferative form: porcine intestinal adenomatosis (PIA)

signs: mild diarrhea, reduced weight gain

diagnosis of PIA-porcine intestinal adenomatosis

PCR and ELISA since can’t culture

dermatophilosis/ streptothricosis

bacteria: dermatophilus congolensis (gram +)

cattle, horses, sheep, goats

types:

1. rain scald/ rain rot

2. lumpy wool disease

3. strawberry footr ot

how does dermatophilus congolensis look like on cytology

railroad track like appearance

pathogenesis of dermatophilosis

spores spreading in wet conditions→ transmit by flies→ enters injuries→ exudation→ skin trauma, tick infestation

Dermatophilus congolensis in sheeps

types:

1. lumpy wool

2. face and scrotum

3. lower leg and foot (strawberry food rot)

transmission: zoonotic from farm animals

exudative dermatitis (greasy pig)

bacteria: staphlococcus hyicus

signs: skin lesion

Swine erysipelas (diamond skin disease)

bacteria: erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

seen with: porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) or swine influenza

transmission: via tonsils or wounds→ lymphs→ invade bloodstream→ septicemia

signs: sudden onset, small raised areas diamond shaped, red/black colored due to necrosis, no abscess, fever, death from septicemia or heart failure, inappetence, heart valve growth, arthritis

prognosis for diamond skin disease

lesions appear 2-3 days and disappear day 4-7

good prognosis: light to purplish lesion

bad prognosis: dark purplish to red→ death

treatment diamond skin disease

penicillin→ recovery in 24-36 hrs

What pathogen is responsible for greasy pig disease (exudative epidermitis) in pigs?

staphylococcus hyicus

what bacterium causes proliferation of intestinal enterocytes of pigs resulting in thickening and stiffness intestinal wall

lawsonia intracellularis

ringworm in cattle

fungus: trichophyton verrucosum

transmission: infective spores in envrionment or animals. zoonotic

signs: circular lesions mostly head and neck

ringworm diagnosis in cattle

signs, scrapes or biopsy

prevention/control ringworm in cattle

isolate and treat

Rhodococcus Equi

pneumonia common in foals. high mortality

signs: difficulty breathing, cough, reluctance to move, fever, nasal discharge. tuberculosis like abscesses in lungs

DIagnosis of rhodococcus equi

bacterial culture using transtracheal aspirates

prevention and control of rhodococcus equi

remove foal from pasture, dust control in pens, ABX treatment

Rhodovcac vaccine

Bastard strangles

Steptococcus equi subsp. equi (S. equi)

contagious disease horse, donkey, mules. REPORTABLE

signs: abscess in upper resp tract lymph nodes

diagnosis streptococcus equi/ bastard strangles

culture or PCR abscess material

prevention and control streptococcus

biosecurity, screening, vaccine

seedstock producer

creates breeding stock with optimal genetic traits

cow-calf operation

system breeding cows to make supply of weaned calves for sale

feedlot

system of growing/ fattening cow for meat slaughter

conditioning/preconditioning

basic care before going into feedlot

backgrounding

calf growing program b/w weaning and finishing ration on feedlot

ADG-average daily gain

measures weight gain while on feed

feed conversion or feed efficiency

units of feed consumer per weight gained

calf crop

number of calves per year to the number of females mated

cow-calf production cycle

spring= calving

summer= breeding

fall=wean calves

dairy cow housing

tie stall: individual stalls where they stay life including feeding and milking

free stall: group housing and individual stalls, communal feed. cows move to milking parlor

dry lot

pasture

tie stall

individual stalls where they stay life including feeding and milking

high labor costs

free stall

group housing and individual stalls, communal feed. cows move to milking parlor

dry lot

outdoor dirt/sand pens, free roaming in area

milking parlor required

low labor

risk with wet climate

pasture

outdoorgrzaing, free romaing grass field

milking parlor required

moderate labor

parasite risk

how many days is dry period/ until P is ready for calving again

60 days

Calf housing

calf removed from dam at birth and fed colostrum→ individual hutches→ after weaning (7-8 weeks ) move to group pens

how long is pig pregnancy

3 months 3 weeks 3 days= 114 days

pigs gestation crate

-used to prevent fighting

goal to prevent crushing piglets but allow sow to get up

-piglets stay with mother until 21 days old

stages of pig production

furrowing: 21 days old

nursery: 6-8 weeks old

growing and finishing: 16-17 weeks old

-around 120 lbs or 6 months old

types of swin production

1. all on one farm

2. farrow to nursery operation

3. farrow to weaning operation

4. free range operation

all in all out

everything grown and transferred out same time to reduce disease transmission=batches of piglets

sheep

tails down, grazers-eats grass and clover

stay within flock

goats

tails up, browers-scavenge and eat w/e

independent

horns and beards

sheep vs goat housing

sheeps dont climb so housing simple and dogs needed for predator control

goats need high strong fences, theyre harder to herd, they need areas to climb for enrichment, they have their own predator control

small ruminant nutrition

limitations to intensive rearing system (indoor)

hoof care, udder health, vitamin D supplementation, competition for feed

lambing production system

lambing early spring→ puberty in Fall

pregnancy is 147 days

what production system is most likely to use rangelands or pasture as the main

beef cattle production

what is the major advantage of implementing a robotic milking system?

decreased labor