ITE380 Exam 2

Aliasing

The stair-step effect that curved or diagonal lines have due to how they are rendered on screen with square pixels

Anti-Aliasing

Softens the jaggedness of an image by blending pixels along the edge of the stroke

Compression

A technique for reducing the file size of an image without sacrificing too much quality

Pixels

The smallest definable element in a raster image

Raster Graphic

Divides the area of an image into a rectangular matric of rows and columns composed of pixels

GIF

Supports a palette of 256 colors and transparency and is a lossless compression format

JPEG

Supports a palette of 16.8 million colors but does not support transparency; Lossy compression format

PNG

Supports 24-bit color (16.8 million colors) and 8-bit (256 colors); Lossless compression format

RAW Image Format

The uncompressed, unprocessed, and lossless data captured directly from the digital camera’s sensor

Resampling

Changing the size of an image by increasing or decreasing the image’s pixel count

Resolution

Describes the image quality of a raster image based on the total number of pixels it contains.

Vector Graphic

Defines the area of a picture using paths made up of points, lines, curves, and shapes

EPS

The legacy vector graphics format for the print industry; Becoming increasingly outdated

AI

Replaced EPS as the native file format; Supports infinite scalability, transparency, and layering

SVG

The format of choice when it comes to print and web applications; embedded text can be read by search engines (improved SEO)

Bit Depth

Specifies the number of bits used to encode the value of each sample

Bit Rate

Specifies the number of bits per second transmitted during playback

Codec

A computer file format used to arrange and compress binary data to conform to a particular industry standard; Encodes and decodes media (H.264)

Container File Format (Wrapper)

Used for bundling and storing the raw digital bitstreams that codecs create

Decoding

The process a digital device goes through to decipher and play back a codec for human use and interaction

Encoding

The method a device uses to numerically represent a multimedia asset in binary form

Progressive Scanning

The process of scanning each horizontal line of video pixels from left to right and top to bottom to produce a single frame

Sample Rate

Specifies the number of samples recorded every second

Acoustics

The science and manipulation of how sound waves behave, reflect, and are absorbed within a space

Clipping

Severe distortion that occurs when an audio signal’s amplitude exceeds the system’s maximum capacity; Avoid by adjusting input volume

Downsampling

The process of reducing the sampling rate or the bit depth to reduce the amount of data in a file

Kilohertz

1,000 Hertz

Lossless

The compression of files in a way that allows them to be restored to their exact original state; No information is omitted and no degradation in quality

Lossy

The compression of files by permanently omitting parts of the information, achieving much smaller file sizes; Degrades quality and makes files difficult to edit after compression

MIDI

A standardized digital protocol that allows computers, controllers, and instruments to communicate

MP3

Open-standard audio format; Lossy; Primary method for reducing audio file sizes

MP4

Container format that bundles and stores raw digital bitstreams; Used for video distribution and utilizes the H.264 video codex (allowing HD and 4K video)

Sample

A digital representation of a sound wave’s amplitude measured at a discrete point in time

Trimming

An editing tool used in to manipulate media clips by moving, cutting, shortening, and lengthening individual clips on a project timeline

Frame Rate

The frequency at which individual frames are displayed to create a moving image

Storyboarding

A pre-production planning tool utilized to organize the vision of a video or multimedia project before production begins

Non-Linear Editing

The art of arranging video and/or audio footage into a linear form of presentation to tell a story or communicate a message

Rendering

A process that converts a preview file to a full motion high-resolution file

Sequence

The ordered arrangement of the audio and video clips and other elements

Timeline

Displays the active sequence and arrangement of clips on linear regions

Track

The independent layers found within a timeline that allow an editor to organize and manipulate different media elements simultaneously

Transition

An immediate or gradual change in the video or audio properties at the head or tail of a clip or that occurs when connecting one clip to another

Vector-Drawn Images

Images are encoded as clean, crisp lines and curves based on mathematical coordinates; Use less memory space and cannot be used for photorealistic images (.ai, .cdr)

Bitmap Images

Images are encoded with jagged, rough edges, and require more memory; Better suited for photorealistic images (.gif, .jpg)

Effects of Resampling

Changes the size of the image file, but does not add resolution, which can degrade the quality of the image

How is Sound Converted from Analog Form to Digital

Discrete amplitude measurements are taken at specific points in time (rempling) and converted into binary form

Impact of Sampling, Bit Depth, and Bit Rate on an Audio File

Higher sampling rates (measurements/sec) and bit depths (bits/sample) increase audio quality/accuracy but result in larger file sizes

Amplitude

Sound pressure wave intensity (volume); The strength of a soundwave corresponds to loudness

Frequency

Vibration or oscillation (pitch)

Digital Audio vs. MIDI

Digital audio stores the sound itself (larger file sizes, realism, hard to edit), while MIDI stores the instructions to create the sound (small file sizes, editable)

Quantization

The mathematical process of rounding sample values to the nearest integer

Ways to Reduce Audio File SIze

• Reduce the number of channels

• Reduce the sample rate

• Reduce the bit depth

Uses for Video in Multimedia

• To educate, entertain, persuade

• To communicate a me

Interlaced Scan

Scans alternating lines (Shows half the image)

Progressive Scan

Scans each horizontal line from top to bottom in a single pass to produce a frame (Shows the full image)

Spatial Compression

Reduces the data within a single frame by identifying and removing redundant information (JPEG-style)

Temporal Compression

Identifies and removes redundant data between successive frames; Records the changes from one frame to the next (MPEG-2)

Importance of Planning (Pre-Production)

• Video projects are expensive

• Highest performance demand on computer memory/storage

• Determine where to shoot, camera angles, and recruit talent

Considerations of Screen Layout

• Overscanning: Outer areas of a frame that might be cut off

• Safe Areas: Critical visual information remains visible to the viewer

• Storyboarding: Illustrates how the screen will be used

  • Ample space to avoid clutter

  • Keep it simple

  • Good color contrast

NLE Components

• Project Windows

• Preview Monitor

• Timeline

• Tracks

Project Window

Hold the imported media clips, such as raw video, audio, graphics, and still images

Preview Monitor

Allows the editor to view the footage and preview edits

Nondestructive Editing

Clip can be trimmed, cut, moved, transformed, etc. without changing the linked media file

Exporting

The final step where the project is output as a single distributable data file (often an MP4 container using the H.264 codec)