Web Development & Design Foundations with HTML5 Review

A comprehensive vocabulary review covering basic Internet concepts and HTML5 foundations from Chapters 1 and 2.

Internet

The interconnected network of computer networks that spans the globe.

World Wide Web

The graphical user interface to information stored on computers running web servers connected to the Internet.

Intranet

A private network contained within an organization or business used to share information and resources among coworkers.

Extranet

A private network that securely shares part of an organization’s information or operations with external partners.

W3C

The World Wide Web Consortium; it develops recommendations and prototype technologies related to the Web.

W3C Recommendations

Specifications produced by the W3C in an effort to standardize web technologies.

WAI

The Web Accessibility Initiative, a W3C initiative focused on making the web accessible.

Accessible Website

A website that provides accommodations for individuals with visual, auditory, physical, and neurological disabilities.

WCAG

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines; specific guidelines developed by the WAI for web accessibility.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

A law that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities.

Section $508$ of the Rehabilitation Act

Requires that government agencies give individuals with disabilities access to information technology comparable to what is available to others.

Universal Design

The design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation.

Network

Two or more computers connected together for the purpose of communicating and sharing resources.

LAN

Local Area Network; typically confined to a single building or group of buildings.

WAN

Wide Area Network; uses public or commercial communications to connect computers in widely dispersed geographical areas.

Client/Server Model

Describes a relationship between two computer programs: the requester known as the client and the fulfiller known as the server.

Client

In the client/server model, the program that requests some type of service, such as a file or database access.

Server

In the client/server model, the program that fulfills a request and transmits results to the client over a network.

Web Client

A client (usually running browser software like Internet Explorer or Firefox) that connects to the Internet as needed and requests pages via HTTP.

Web Server

A computer continually connected to the Internet that runs software like Apache and responds to HTTP requests for web pages.

Protocols

Rules that describe the methods used for clients and servers to communicate with each other over a network.

FTP

File Transfer Protocol; a set of rules allowing files to be exchanged between computers on the Internet.

SMTP

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol; used specifically for sending e-mail.

POP (POP3)

Post Office Protocol; one of the protocols used for receiving e-mail.

IMAP

Internet Mail Access Protocol; a protocol used for receiving e-mail.

HTTP

Hypertext Transfer Protocol; a set of rules for exchanging multimedia files like text, images, sound, and video on the Web.

TCP/IP

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol; the official communication protocol of the Internet.

TCP

Transmission Control Protocol; ensures the integrity of communication by breaking files and messages into individual units called packets.

Packets

The individual units into which files and messages are broken by TCP for transmission.

IP

Internet Protocol; a set of rules that controls how data is sent and routes packets to the correct destination address.

Router

A hardware device designed to move network traffic, forwarding packets successively toward their destination.

IP Address

A unique numeric address assigned to each device connected to the Internet.

Octets

The set of $4$ groups of numbers that make up a numeric IP address.

Domain Name

A text-based identifier that locates an organization or other entity on the Internet.

Domain Name System (DNS)

A system that divides the Internet into logical groups and associates unique IP addresses with domain names.

URI

Uniform Resource Identifier; identifies a resource on the Internet.

URL

Uniform Resource Locator; a type of URI representing the network location of a resource such as a web page or graphic file.

TLD

Top-Level Domain; identifies the rightmost part of a domain name (e.g., .com, .org, or .gov).

Generic TLDs

Included examples like .com, .org, .net, .mil, .gov, .edu, and .int.

SGML

Standard Generalized Markup Language; a standard for specifying a markup language or tag set.

HTML

Hypertext Markup Language; the set of symbols or codes placed in a file intended for display in a web browser.

XML

eXtensible Markup Language; a text-based language designed to describe, deliver, and exchange structured information by separating data from presentation.

HTML5

The newest version of HTML4 and XHTML that adds new elements, native video and audio, and form data functionality.

HTML Elements

The individual markup codes that make up an HTML document, each serving a specific purpose.

Tags

Characters enclosed in angle brackets (< and >) used to denote the start and end of HTML elements.

Opening tag

The first tag of a pair used to start an HTML element.

Closing tag

The second tag of a pair used to end an HTML element, typically containing a forward slash.

Angle Brackets

The symbols [

DOCTYPE

The document type declaration, such as , which must be the first line in an HTML5 file.

lang attribute

An attribute in the html tag (e.g., lang="en") used to specify the language of the web page.

Head Section

The portion of an HTML document contained between tags that describes the web page document.

Body Section

The portion of an HTML document contained between tags that contains text and elements that display in the browser.

element

Tag used to enclose information describing the document, such as title and meta information.

Tag used within the head section to specify the page title displayed in the browser title bar.

element

Used in the head section to describe document characteristics like character encoding.

charset="utf-$8$"

A meta element attribute that indicates the document's character encoding.

element

Tag that contains the main text and elements that will display in the web page document.

Heading Elements

A set of tags from

to

used to create headings of various levels, where

is the largest.

Heading Level $1$

Coded as

, it is the highest level of heading in an HTML document.

Heading Level $6$

Coded as

, it is the lowest level of heading in an HTML document.

Paragraph Element

The

tag used to group sentences and sections of text together.

Block Display

A display property that configures empty space above and below an element, such as paragraphs and headings.

Line Break Element

The
tag used to cause the next element or text to display on a new line.

Void Tag

An HTML tag that stands alone and does not have a separate closing tag, such as
.

Blockquote Element

The

tag used to indent a block of text for special emphasis.

Phrase Elements

Structural elements that indicate the context and meaning of the text they enclose.

element

A phrase element that styles text in bold font by convention with no extra importance.

element

A phrase element that causes text to be emphasized, usually displayed in italics.

element

A phrase element that styles text in italics with no extra importance by convention.

element

An HTML$5$ phrase element used to highlight text for easy reference.

element

A phrase element used for fine print such as legal disclaimers, displayed in small font-size.

element

A phrase element indicating strong importance, usually causing text to be displayed in bold.

_element

A phrase element that displays text as a subscript below the baseline.

^element

A phrase element that displays text as a superscript above the baseline.

Proper Nesting

The coding practice where the last tag opened is the first tag closed.

HTML Lists

Structures used to itemize info; include unordered lists, ordered lists, and description lists.

Unordered List

Used to display a bullet or list marker before each entry, using the

tag.

element

The tag that contains the entire unordered list.

element

The tag that contains an individual item within a list structure.

Ordered List

Used to display a numbering or lettering system to itemize info, using the

tag.

element

The tag that contains the entire ordered list.

Type Attribute (Ordered List)

Determines the numbering scheme (numerals or letters) for an ordered list.

Description List

A list format used to display terms and their corresponding descriptions, using the

tag.

element

The tag that contains the entire description list.

element

The tag within a description list that contains the term, phrase, or sentence.

element

The tag within a description list that contains the description or answer for the preceding term.

Special Characters

Codes such as © used to display unique symbols like quotes or copyright markers.

©

The special character code for the copyright symbol.

<

The special character code for the less-than symbol (<).

>

The special character code for the greater-than symbol (>).

&

The special character code for the ampersand symbol (&).

 

The special character code for a non-breaking space.

element

Configures a structural block area or division on a web page.

element

A new HTML$5$ structural element that contains the web page document’s headings.

element

A new HTML$5$ structural element that contains the web page document’s main navigation.

element

A new HTML$5$ structural element that contains the web page document’s main content.

element

A new HTML$5$ structural element that contains the web page document’s footer information.

Anchor Element

The tag used to specify a hyperlink reference to a file or URL.

href Attribute

The attribute in an anchor tag that indicates the file name or URL to which the link points.

Absolute Hyperlink

A link that points to a different website, requiring a full URL including http.